关于日语古文今译用于古典语法测试的探讨

对日语古典语法测试项目使用的古文今译多项选择题进行探讨,阐述以下内容：（1）在译文多项选择题的命题中,常常出现双重评判标准和选择项中有多个答案的问题,这些问题源于评判译文标准的不确定性。（2）我们可以应用功能翻译理论的目的原则建立教学翻译的评判标准;教学翻译有区分合不合适的标准,合适的教学翻译又有区分一般和高质量之差的标准。前者可应用于语法测试,而后者应用于语法测试时会引起诸多问题,应尽量避免使用。     

A Mixture IRTree Model for Extreme Response Style: Accounting for Response Process Uncertainty

This paper presents a mixture item response tree (IRTree) model for extreme response style. Unlike traditional applications of single IRTree models, a mixture approach provides a way of representing the mixture of respondents following different underlying response processes (between individuals), as well as the uncertainty present at the individual level (within an individual). Simulation analyses reveal the potential of the mixture approach in identifying subgroups of respondents exhibiting response behavior reflective of different underlying response processes. Application to real data from the Students Like Learning Mathematics (SLM) scale of Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015 demonstrates the superior comparative fit of the mixture representation, as well as the consequences of applying the mixture on the estimation of content and response style traits. We argue that methodology applied to investigate response styles should attend to the inherent uncertainty of response style influence due to the likely influence of both response styles and the content trait on the selection of extreme response categories.     

Latent Variable Modeling and Adaptive Testing for Experimental Cognitive Psychopathology Research

The adaptation of experimental cognitive tasks into measures that can be used to quantify neurocognitive outcomes in translational studies and clinical trials has become a key component of the strategy to address psychiatric and neurological disorders. Unfortunately, while most experimental cognitive tests have strong theoretical bases, they can have poor psychometric properties, leaving them vulnerable to measurement challenges that undermine their use in applied settings. Item response theory–based computerized adaptive testing has been proposed as a solution but has been limited in experimental and translational research due to its large sample requirements. We present a generalized latent variable model that, when combined with strong parametric assumptions based on mathematical cognitive models, permits the use of adaptive testing without large samples or the need to precalibrate item parameters. The approach is demonstrated using data from a common measure of working memory—the N-back task—collected across a diverse sample of participants. After evaluating dimensionality and model fit, we conducted a simulation study to compare adaptive versus nonadaptive testing. Computerized adaptive testing either made the task 36% more efficient or score estimates 23% more precise, when compared to nonadaptive testing. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that latent variable modeling and adaptive testing can be used in experimental cognitive testing even with relatively small samples. Adaptive testing has the potential to improve the impact and replicability of findings from translational studies and clinical trials that use experimental cognitive tasks as outcome measures.     

Parameter Estimation Accuracy of the Effort-Moderated Item Response Theory Model Under Multiple Assumption Violations

As low-stakes testing contexts increase, low test-taking effort may serve as a serious validity threat. One common solution to this problem is to identify noneffortful responses and treat them as missing during parameter estimation via the effort-moderated item response theory (EM-IRT) model. Although this model has been shown to outperform traditional IRT models (e.g., two-parameter logistic [2PL]) in parameter estimation under simulated conditions, prior research has failed to examine its performance under violations to the model’s assumptions. Therefore, the objective of this simulation study was to examine item and mean ability parameter recovery when violating the assumptions that noneffortful responding occurs randomly (Assumption 1) and is unrelated to the underlying ability of examinees (Assumption 2). Results demonstrated that, across conditions, the EM-IRT model provided robust item parameter estimates to violations of Assumption 1. However, bias values greater than 0.20 SDs were observed for the EM-IRT model when violating Assumption 2; nonetheless, these values were still lower than the 2PL model. In terms of mean ability estimates, model results indicated equal performance between the EM-IRT and 2PL models across conditions. Across both models, mean ability estimates were found to be biased by more than 0.25 SDs when violating Assumption 2. However, our accompanying empirical study suggested that this biasing occurred under extreme conditions that may not be present in some operational settings. Overall, these results suggest that the EM-IRT model provides superior item and equal mean ability parameter estimates in the presence of model violations under realistic conditions when compared with the 2PL model.     

国外企业专利许可行为及其机理研究

随着世界范围内对知识产权尤其是专利权保护强度的加大,企业已经开始加强了对专利资产的开发与管理。论文从专利许可类别和专利许可模式的角度,对国外(主要指美国)企业专利许可行为进行系统分析,并在此基础上,着重分析其内在的运作机理。最后结合中国实际,给出了一些规范性的对策和建议。     

专利池必要专利客观评估：技术进化中的适者生存

提出了一种面向技术进化的专利池必要专利客观评估方法，以克服现有的聘请第三方专家进行主观鉴定和评估的缺陷。效仿孟德尔遗传定律，采用技术遗传分解的方法，追踪技术的起源和演变。提出了技术适应指数的概念，衡量专利在技术进化中的适应能力。结合技术标准，对技术适应指数较高的适应性专利进行严格地甄别和筛选，以确保拟入池专利的必要性，保障专利权人和技术领域的“双赢”发展。以1873年至2002年美国专利商标局授权的燃料电池相关专利及其引证数据为样本，通过实证研究，评估了该领域的适应性专利。研究结果表明，无论从引证关系上看还是从专利内容上看，这些适应性专利都表征了燃料电池领域的技术发展情况，这与必要专利评估的中心思想：面向技术进化，是相符合的；这些适应性专利中某些技术要素是实现燃料电池相关技术标准功能指标或性能要求的重要手段和技术支撑，这些专利应该是“绕不开”的必要专利。     

工程施工成本控制的基本方法

成本控制应贯穿于施工项目从报价中标到竣工验收的全过程。严格审查各项费用是否符合标准，通过计算实际成本和计划成本的差异进行分析，对项目施工管理进行指导、监督、调节和限制，以保证成本目标的实现。其目的在于降低项目施工成本，提高社会经济效益。     

现金流量表具体项目的确定

编制现金流量表的主要目的是为会计报表使用者提供一定期间内现金流入和流出的信息,以便于会计报表使用者了解和评价企业获得现金的能力,并据以预测企业未来现金流量。应用间接编制原理从分析非现金账户入手来揭示企业现金流量增减变动原因,可确保调整项目列示的完整性;以较复杂的“销售商品,提供劳务收到的现金”项目金额的确定为例来说明进行间接确定公式推导得一般程序,从而得到全面的公式。     

浅谈建设项目经济合同管理中的注意点

根据工程建设项目施工的特点,从完善建设项目施工合同管理机构、健全合同管理制度、合同的谈判与签订、合同实施过程中的管理四个方面论述合同管理的要点。指出工程造价管理是合同管理的核心,对我国工程建设施工管理中加强合同管理、提高法制意识做了探讨。     

数控加工试题库开发中的教学项目管理初探

数控加工试题库开发是三峡电力职业学院进行数控加工操作与理论教学整合教研课题中的一个重要子项目.此项目分项目计划、教学项目开发、后继行动三个阶段.本项目的主要成员由学生组成,其专业基础不同,层次各异,思维能力有别,所以各管理环节中难度较大的是项目的进度控制和质量控制.