对农村免费临床医学定向生学习激励的探讨简

近年来,一批高等医学院校陆续开展农村免费医学定向生的培养工作,但学生入学后在不同程度上出现了学习积极性和主动性下降、学习动力不足的问题.文章结合国家相关政策对农村免费医学定向生的特点进行分析,并在此基础上提出扎实开展入学教育工作、构建全科医学人才培养体系、设立专项奖学金、建立学校与定向单位联合培养机制和实行“先培养、后分配”的就业方式等增强和激励医学定向生学习动力的举措.     

Fault diagnosis model based on fuzzy support vector machine combined with weighted fuzzy clustering

A fault diagnosis model is proposed based on fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) combined with fuzzy clustering (FC).Considering the relationship between the sample point and non-self class,FC algorithm is applied to generate fuzzy memberships.In the algorithm,sample weights based on a distribution density function of data point and genetic algorithm (GA) are introduced to enhance the performance of FC.Then a multi-class FSVM with radial basis function kernel is established according to directed acyclic graph algorithm,the penalty factor and kernel parameter of which are optimized by GA.Finally,the model is executed for multi-class fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings.The results show that the presented model achieves high performances both in identifying fault types and fault degrees.The performance comparisons of the presented model with SVM and distance-based FSVM for noisy case demonstrate the capacity of dealing with noise and generalization.     

缔约过失责任浅议

缔约过失责任自罗马法伊始即成为立法及学说上讨论的主要问题，不同国家、地区对于其涉及的主要内容有着不同的立法规定，但是一般均从两个方面入手，一是责任类型，二是法律效果。为能更好的把握缔约过失责任，有必要关注其与违约责任、侵权责任的关系，因为其与违约责任均属契约上责任，而侵权行为说曾一度被认为是缔约过失责任的法律基础。     

Leg amputation side determines performance in curve sprinting: a case study on a Paralympic medalist

The lower limb kinetics of curve sprinting in amputees are not well described in the literature, particularly with respect to the effect of the side of amputation. This is an issue due to the importance of the knowledge for prosthetic design and classification of athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of side of amputation on curve sprinting performance in athletes with a unilateral leg amputation. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Vicon), four force plates (Kistler) and a modified mathematical human model (ALASKA) were used to compare clockwise and counter clockwise curve sprinting lower limb kinematics and kinetics of a Paralympic medalist with a left-sided knee exarticular amputation. Results reveal that vertical ground reaction force application and total vertical impulse were lower when the affected limb was at the inside of the curve. The unaffected limb showed joint mechanics different to those established for non-amputee athletes and might contribute better to propulsion when being the inside limb. Curve sprinting biomechanics and the ability to attain high radial velocities are directly dependent on the side of amputation relative to the curve direction in a unilateral amputee athlete of highest performance level.     

The influence of water depth on kinematic and spatiotemporal gait parameters during aquatic treadmill walking

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic and spatiotemporal variables of aquatic treadmill walking at three different water depths. A total of 15 healthy individuals completed three two-minute walking trials at three different water depths. The aquatic treadmill walking was conducted at waist-depth, chest-depth and neck-depth, while a customised 3-D underwater motion analysis system captured their walking. Each participant’s self-selected walking speed at the waist level was used as a reference speed, which was applied to the remaining two test conditions. A repeated measures ANOVA showed statistically significant differences among the three walking conditions in stride length, cadence, peak hip extension, hip range of motion (ROM), peak ankle plantar flexion and ankle ROM (All p values < 0.05). The participants walked with increased stride length and decreased cadence during neck level as compared to waist and chest level. They also showed increased ankle ROM and decreased hip ROM as the water depth rose from waist and chest to the neck level. However, our study found no significant difference between waist and chest level water in all variables. Hydrodynamics, such as buoyancy and drag force, in response to changes in water depths, can affect gait patterns during aquatic treadmill walking.     

基于ArcGIS的多温区冷藏车辆路径优化

为降低冷链物流成本,研究多温共配模式下生鲜农产品冷链配送问题。采用多温区冷藏车,构建考虑运输成本、货损成本、制冷成本的路径优化模型,利用遗传算法对算例进行求解,借助ArcGIS规划最短路径。算例结果显示,与传统配送模式相比,多温共配模式可减少2辆冷藏车的调度,总成本降低34. 1%,实际运输距离缩短54. 1%。多温共配模式可有效解决生鲜农产品配送小批量、多品种、高成本的问题。     

运动员兴奋剂违纪重大过错的认定——以莎拉波娃案为例

体育仲裁院（CAS）仲裁庭认定俄罗斯著名运动员莎拉波娃的兴奋剂违纪行为并非故意,且不构成重大过错,将她的禁赛期由2年减缩到15个月。但该案的裁决存在若干问题。运动员在没有医药专业背景或专业人士的帮助下自行核对兴奋剂禁用清单存在重大风险。适用于马术案件的“委托理论”对其他体育项目内的兴奋剂案件并不合适,代理人的错误应当由运动员本人承担责任。运动员在兴奋剂检测时故意隐瞒自己的药物使用情况可能构成重大过错的证据之一。由于运动员有义务知悉禁用清单的内容,体育组织未能即时告知禁用清单新修订的情况并不能减轻运动员兴奋剂违纪的过错。违禁物质的代谢时间长可能会对判断运动员的过错程度产生影响。在认定运动员兴奋剂违纪的故意时,以客观主义的解释方法代替主观主义的解释方法,来分析运动员对兴奋剂违纪高风险的认知程度,更有利于打击兴奋剂违纪行为。     

确认体内违禁物质来源对兴奋剂违规非故意认定的意义——从阿德米诉欧洲足联案谈起

世界反兴奋剂条例在“无过错和无重大过错”的定义中明确要求运动员要证明违禁物质如何进入体内,而关于“非故意”则无明文规定。在阿德米兴奋剂违规案中,国际体育仲裁院在运动员未能证实样本中违禁物质来源的前提下,运用优势证据认可其违规行为为非故意,将4年的禁赛期缩减为2年。通过对该案例的分析和对类似案件的对比,得出结论：运动员的举证责任和他获得的利益原则上成正比,运动员必须确立违禁物质如何进入体内以证明自己无过错或无重大过错,从而达到免除或缩减禁赛期的目的,参照上述规则,对于非故意可以减少一半的禁赛期这样巨大的利益也应当明确运动员的这一举证责任是必需的。     

等动测力系统对膝关节肌研究的进展

运用文献资料法与数理统计法，对涉及膝关节肌等速测试研究的百余篇论文，从不同收缩状态和不同人群两方面分别进行了综述。研究结果表明：对膝关节特征的研究，多以患者为研究对象，对于正常人群和运动员的研究较少；对同一项目不同技术类型的运动员肌肉性能的比较研究还未见报道，有待研究。     

散打运动员膝关节损伤研究

文章采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法等方法,以广州体育学院散打队队员为研究对象,对武术散打运动中膝关节损伤及其防治的情况进行了研究,发现了导致膝关节损伤产生的原因、损伤的性质、训练年限与损伤的关系和诊断治疗以及预防措施等,并在此基础上提出合理、科学的防治膝关节损伤的方法和建议。以引起教练员和运动员对膝关节损伤及其防治情况的重视,从而减少其发病率,保证我国散打运动健康稳步发展。