The lag structure of the relationship between patenting and internal R&D revisited

The principal purpose of this study is to revisit the classic research question regarding the lag structure of the patents–R&D relationship through an examination of the impact of internal R&D on firm patenting in the context of the global pharmaceutical industry during 1986–2000. Our empirical analysis, using both a multiplicative distributed lag model and a dynamic linear feedback model, differs from previous work that examines the patents–R&D relationship in three aspects. First, our estimation results exhibit direct evidence on lagged R&D effects, with the first lag (t − 1) of R&D being significant in all distributed lag specifications. Second, a U-shaped lag structure of the patents–R&D relationship is found in most estimations of the multiplicative distributed lag model, which suggests a potential long-run effect of internal R&D investments on firm patenting. Finally, the results from the dynamic linear feedback model coincide with those from the multiplicative distributed lag model, indicating not only lag effects from more recent R&D but also an overall long-run effect of internal R&D investments in the distant past on the knowledge production or innovation process of incumbent pharmaceutical firms.     

知识员工的理想职业生涯规划

在知识经济时代，知识员工已成为知识型企业或正在转变为知识型企业的核心资源。如何激励这些知识员工，使其永葆激情，不断地激发其潜力，为企业创造出持续不断的价值，已成为知识型企业管理的重要内容。笔者在对知识员工作了人性假设的基础上提出知识员工最理想的职业生涯规划是将他们塑造成咨询顾问，并提出了具体的操作思路，以望对企业实践有一定的指导价值。     

论知识型员工流失的管理

掌握知识资本的知识型员工已经成为企业的最宝贵资源.在人员流动日益频繁的今天,如何降低知识型员工流失给企业带来的损失是企业管理中的一大难题.笔者从分析知识型员工的特点、流失原因以及给企业带来的影响入手,提出了如何有效防止知识型员工流失的具体措施.     

A learning log analysis of an English-reading e-book system combined with a guidance mechanism

Learning English by reading articles on multimedia e-book devices can assist students in improving their vocabulary and in understanding the associations among vocabulary, textual meaning, and paragraph composition. Adaptive integration of reading technologies and strategies not only strengthens their language ability and reading comprehension, but it also increases the effectiveness of their language learning. Therefore, this study developed an English-reading e-book system that integrated a guidance mechanism that analyses a student's learning profile and recommends articles according to article difficulty, relevance, and the learner's language ability. The frequency and pattern of learning behaviors as well as the system functions that students used were analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The results indicate that the proposed reading guidance mechanism can improve students' reading comprehension and reduce their reliance on the system's translation functions.     

基于自适应控制的非线性系统的滞后同步

Active control is an effective method for synchronizing two identical chaotic systems. However, this method works only for a certain class of chaotic systems with known parameters. An improvement method was proposed in order to overcome this limitation in this paper. A classical example was used to demonstrate the method. Finally, numerical examples were given to validate the efficiency of the method.     

体育教学中如何改变“后进生”

“后进生”是体育教学中较为普遍的现象,转变“后进生”是一项细致而复杂的工作。文章分析了“后进生”产生的主要原因,指出“后进生”在性格特征和行为特征方面的表现。教学中教师要理解、关心后进生,做好区别对待,并采取一些预防性的措施以补偿和矫治。     

知识滞距:平衡与整合--论科技文艺语体对理工类大学生知识图式架构

知识滞距是造成理工类毕业生与社会发展难以适应的根本原因。理工类大学生要成为知识经济时代的有用人才,必需通过有效的路径和方法架构适应与合理的知识图式。     

大学生“体质堕距”现象成因及对策探析

大学生体质健康状况一直是教育界关注的焦点问题。随着社会生活水平的提高,大学生外在身体形态发育有较大改善,但体能素质发育明显缓慢,出现"体质堕距"现象。即身高、体重、胸围等身体外部形态的各项指标与心肺功能、力量及耐力素质等各项指标呈非均衡发展状态。从社会、家庭、学校、学生等角度探析"体质堕距"现象产生的原因,并提出相应对策。     

明清江南的士女结社

明清江南士女结社主要集中在杭州湾沿岸、太湖流域、安徽的桐城等地区。其活动多是文学上的诗词唱和，带有很强的地域文化特征。这种结社活动附着于男性文人结社的边缘，没有成为主流文化的一部分，也没有使她们摆脱封建礼教的束缚。     

地理大发现的历史动因:欧洲的落后与衰落

地理大发现既不是欧洲社会经济发展的自然结果，也非资本主义发展的必然产物，而是当时欧洲落后和衰落的结果。落后和衰落促使欧洲阶级矛盾激化，对外掠夺成为选择，落后和衰落导致欧洲力量被挤向地中海西部和大西洋，地理大发现因此展开。