马克思土地资本理论与我国土地经济学创新

马克思土地资本理论是马克思资本理论的重要组成部分,这一理论不仅具有十分丰富的内涵,而且具有较强的现实意义。土地资本是为改良土地而投入土地并附着在土地上的资本。土地资本作为产业资本,运动和增殖是它的本性。土地资本在社会生产关系体系中,代表的是土地经营者的利益。在我国广大农村实行土地联产承包责任制之后,土地资本积累归承包者还是归土地所有者,需要深入研究。当前土地问题和房地产问题日益突出,各种矛盾交织而生,土地资本运动规律、运行规则、操作规程值得探讨。建议把＂土地资本＂概念纳入土地经济学理论体系,用土地资本概念统领土地经济学,以土地产权、土地价值、土地市场、土地财政、土地金融、土地经济发展等为基本概念,构建具有中国特色的社会主义土地经济学研究范式。     

植被覆盖作用下的水土流失效应研究

通过对延庆县上辛庄径流试验站两年监测数据的分析,结果表明,植被覆盖度的提高可以明显抑制径流、土壤的流失强度,并且可消弱坡度、降雨对水土流失的影响程度．同时,30％的植被覆盖可能是该区能有效控制水土流失的临界值;污染物的流失强度随植被覆盖度的变化规律与径流与植被覆盖度的变化规律一致,即随着植被覆盖度增加而降低,说明植被措施对污染物流失的控制主要是通过减少径流泥沙而起作用的,但植被措施对不同污染物的抑制效果存在差异．     

土地经营对中国城市空间扩张的驱动机制——基于273个地级市的实证分析

分税制改革后,地方政府采取"以地生财、以财养地"的城市土地经营模式,凭借土地出让获取土地收益,并用于城市基础设施等城市建设投资,以推动城市经济发展,但土地经营对城市规模的空间扩张机制仍有待理清.基于地方政府土地收益和城市建设投资两个维度,本文构建了中国地方政府土地经营驱动的城市空间扩张理论逻辑,选择2003-2017年...     

我国工商资本下乡研究：文献梳理与问题讨论

近年来,工商资本大举进入农村经营农业的问题已引起社会的广泛关注,并成为学界研究的热点和重点领域。学界主要从工商资本下乡的动因、渠道与模式、对解决“三农”问题的积极意义和负面影响与潜在风险以及政府规制等方面进行研究,对工商资本下乡的积极意义给予了充分的肯定;主流观点支持工商资本进入农业,但强调需要加强监管,防止过度“非粮化”“非农化”以及大量圈地和排挤农民等现象发生。此外,城市工商资本与农村工商资本的划分、差别化监管的依据以及“非粮化”控制的区域范围等问题还需要进一步深入研究。     

快速城镇化中政府行为对失地农民就业的影响--基于天津“宅基地换房”试点镇调查的博弈分析

我国快速城镇化过程中,失地农民的就业是其市民化的关键。对天津4个“宅基地换房”试点镇的调研表明,“换房农民”换房后虽然平均收入有所增加,但支出的增长更快,净收入有减少的趋势;而其就业状况也不容乐观,2012年有50．67％的劳动力没有工作,有36．44％的家庭依靠政府补贴生活。对政府行为与“换房农民”就业的博弈分析表明,一次性货币补偿过多或提供的失业保障过多,都会降低“换房农民”的就业意愿,而政府提供有效的就业服务则可促进“换房农民”的就业。因此,政府应完善征地补偿制度,构建失地农民多渠道安置体系;完善社会保障制度,实施适度的失业保障;提供有效的就业服务,提高失地农民实现就业的概率,并降低其找工作的成本。     

虚拟土定量测算——以甘肃省为例

固定的土地资源可以通过嵌入到产品中的虚拟土在区域间进行流动。研究虚拟土有利于实现区域间资源优化配置和土地资源的全球化。虚拟土的定量测算亟待解决。基于经济与社会发展统计数据和统计方法测算甘肃省农产品、畜牧产品、森林和工业产品的虚拟土数量。结果如下。1）糜子、胡麻、大豆、谷子、棉花、油菜、大麻烟叶、当归和冬小麦属于土密集型作物;洋芋、春小麦、高粱、玉米、葡萄、苹果和稻谷的虚拟土比较适中;蔬菜、甜菜和白兰瓜属于土稀疏型作物。2）棉花、油料、稻谷、甜菜、葡萄和玉米农产品的虚拟土分别是5.91、5.67、1.45、0.23、1.77和2.10 m²/kg。牛、马和绵羊三种活动物虚拟土分别是69.28、46.68、48.56 m²/kg。牛肉、羊肉、羊毛和羊绒的虚拟土分别为197.91、115.61、693.66和5.39 m²/kg。葡萄酒的虚拟土为76.84 m²/kg。虚拟土地数量具有累积放大效应,随着产品链的增加而增多。虚拟土的对比关系是：工业产品 > 饲养动物 > 农业加工产品 > 农作物。3）在甘肃省的林地中,阔叶林的虚拟土比针叶林和混交林多。自然林的虚拟土远大于人工林;甘肃省河东地区林地虚拟土大于河西地区。增加垂直方向上的分层数以及缩短生产周期是降低虚拟土的有效途径,例如发展立体农业,增加建筑物高度。     

Swedish PE teachers’ understandings of legitimate movement in a criterion-referenced grading system

Background: Physical Education (PE) has been associated with a multi-activity model in which movement is related to sport discourses and sport techniques. However, as in many international contexts, the Swedish national PE syllabus calls for a wider and more inclusive concept of movement. Complex movement adapted to different settings is valued, and in the national grading criteria qualitative measures of movement are used. This research seeks to examine how the wider concept of movement is interpreted and graded. Drawing on Bernstein’s concept of the pedagogic device, the paper explores teachers’ roles as active mediators in the transformation of national grading criteria for movement and the kinds of movement that are valued in teachers’ grading practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate what PE teachers consider legitimate movement in a criterion-referenced grading system and the factors that influence their grading practice. The Repertory Grid (RG) technique was employed in order to access their tacit knowledge. Methodology: Seven Swedish PE teachers were interviewed, all of whom teach and grade years seven to nine in different compulsory schools. Using the RG technique, the teachers were asked to reflect on the aspects they considered important for achieving a high grade. The national grading criteria for years seven to nine were then presented one at a time and the teachers were asked to describe how they assessed and graded each requirement. The teachers were also asked whether any specific factors had influenced their grading. In the content analysis, the second part of the interview was attended to first and the results were interpreted in light of Bernsteins’ concept of the pedagogic device. Findings: Sport techniques and competitive sports influenced the teachers’ interpretations of what constitutes complex movement. The aspect of fitness also appeared to be valued by the teachers in that it facilitates the valued movement. In some cases the difficulty of describing movement qualities in words could reduce the concept of movement to something measurable and quantifiable. The teachers’ concerns about students’ unequal opportunities to develop and demonstrate their skills also influenced the teachers’ interpretation of complex movement. Conclusions: In the transformation of national grading criteria to grading practice, the pedagogic actions taken inform and limit the way in which legitimate movement in PE is conceptualised. Adopting a concept of movement that is wider than competitive sports allows the structures of inequality to be addressed and enables the movements performed by students with other moving experiences than competitive sports to be valued. The tension between the demands of transparency in a high stakes grading system and the inability to articulate the quality of complex movements is problematic. There is a need to verbalise teachers’ conceptions about physical education knowledge to be able to discuss and develop the concept of movement. In this process, the RG technique is a potentially useful tool. Having the language to discuss movement qualities also enables us to strengthen the interrelation between curriculum, pedagogy and assessment.     

城市近郊统筹城乡改革的经验、困难与深化——重庆“陶家模式”和“海龙模式”的比较与启示

重庆市统筹城乡发展改革在九龙坡区陶家镇和海龙村的试点较为成功,其共同点在于注重以工促农、社会保障和土地集约,而在改革主导角色、农民身份转变和土地流转方式上各具特色。"陶家模式"和"海龙模式"的实践证明:中小企业是统筹城乡发展的纽带,农民增收是统筹城乡改革顺利推进的关键,土地政策是统筹城乡发展的核心问题,统筹城乡发展需要系统思考与政策创新。目前,两种模式的深化发展,面临土地政策供给不足、社会保障推力不够、城乡规划视野不宽、政策落实不到位、资源要素流通不畅、管理体制不顺等困难。应进一步探索土地集约利用的新机制,加快城乡一体的社会保障体系建设,充分保障农转城人员的利益,推进城乡科学规划,破除农村投资樊篱,并提升各级政府的统筹发展能力。     

现代化转型中法治秩序与乡村社会秩序的融合*--基于两起土地纠纷案例的农村社会治理路径探讨

城镇化的推进带来了市场行为、行政行为对中国农村的日渐渗透以及农村各类土地纠纷的日益增多与频发。案例分析表明,农村土地纠纷的处置更多受到乡村既有社会秩序的制约,农民个体的行为选择也更多取决于其所最为认同的秩序基础及其所处的社会关联。“赢官司不打”,一方面反映出行政逻辑对法治逻辑的侵蚀破坏了法治在农民眼中的权威性、公正性和严肃性,目前正式法律途径对土地财产权的保护不完全也限制了农民的行为选择;另一方面也说明在现代化转型过程中,农村社会治理不能完全寄托于法治化建设。应培育一种基于法治逻辑的新秩序,并与基于社会关联的既有乡村秩序相匹配、相融合,共同发挥作用,实现多元协同的农村社会治理格局。     

论中国共产党制定农村土地政策的历史经验

八十多年来,中国共产党制定农村土地政策的历史经验可以总结为:一是始终坚持以发展着的马克思主义为指导,弘扬与时俱进的精神,在理论与实践的结合中勇于创新;二是始终紧紧围绕党的政治路线,服从和服务于党在不同时期的历史任务;三是始终坚持把推动还是束缚生产力的发展,作为检验农村土地政策正确与否的根本标准;四是始终坚持政策演进的力度和速度与社会可以承受的程度相协调;五是始终坚持把满足农民群众的利益要求、调动农民群众的积极性作为首要出发点.这些历史经验,可为当前社会主义新农村建设中的农村土地政策的正确选择和设定提供有益的历史借鉴和启示.