天津电大远程开放教育教育类课程学员及教学情况的调查研究

本文通过对天津电大远程开放教育教育类课程学员及教学情况的调查研究,总结了目前存在的基本问题,分析其成因,并提出改进建议。     

全球视阈下的对外汉语教材评述

为了解目前中国及海外大学对外汉语教学课程设计发展状况,总结使用中教材的经验,检讨不足,为今后编写出更好的教材做准备,文章认为有必要对流通在市场上的对外汉语教学教材进行调查。本调查的对象为中国内地高等院校对外汉语课程教材以及海外大学的中文课程教材。文章在众多现有的对外汉语教材中,选取了6个具影响力、有代表性、来自不同国家和地区的教材,对其中的初级教学部分进行了调查。调查包括：（1）教材的使用对象及使用环境;（2）教学时间;（3）课文形式;（4）课程内容。这四项都具体体现出课程设计者的语言教学理念和语言课程设计宗旨,反映出设计者对语言学习的观点。本调查的结果让我们看到教材设计者的语言学习的观点,以及这些观点在教材中的具体表现。     

二语词汇学习自主性的培养

为了检测词汇自主学习策略培训对词汇水平的影响,以及词汇自主学习策略培训对于不同语言水平的学生是否有不同的效果,试验以158名大一新生为研究对象.试验组接受了为期14周的自主学习策略培训,而对照组不接受培训.所有参加试验的学生都参加了两次词汇水平测试,分别作为前测试和后测试.测试的结果用独立样本T检验和多因素方差检测来分析.分析结果表明自主学习策略的培训对于提高不同语言水平学生的词汇水平同样有效.     

自主学习环境下的学习动机研究

学习动机分为内在动机和外在动机,内在动机是自主学习能力培养的决定性因素。调查发现,在使用自主学习中心学习外语过程中,学习者的外在动机占主导地位,而内在动机严重不足。因此,进行自主学习培训,应提供网络学习资源和服务的详细信息,开展学习能力培养竞赛,展示成功范例,推进教师发展。     

远程教育学习者沉淀现象分析

沉淀现象在远程教育实践中普遍存在,这一现象被认为是远程教育机构实行弹性学制的自然结果而被忽视或缺乏研究。对远程教育沉淀现象进行研究,采用统计资料分析法、问卷调查法和访谈法,分析广东某大学网络教育学院的远程学习者的沉淀规律,对远程教育机构在学生支持服务、课程开发与管理等方面提供借鉴。     

论英汉学习词典存在的六大问题

从英语学习者角度出发,指出了英汉学习词典编纂中存在的六大问题,分析了问题之所在,并提出了解决问题的措施与方法。     

内蒙古地区远程学习者学业表现及学习环境分析

边远地区的少数民族远程学习者在以共享优质教育资源为主要特征的远程教育形式下处于弱势的地位。由于语言文化环境及经济环境的差异其在接受学习支持服务和选择学习资源时存在许多不利条件,从而导致其学业表现弱于汉族远程学习者。本文选择内蒙古广播电视大学在籍学生为研究对象,从民族、性别两个维度分析比较内蒙古地区远程学习者的学业表现,并由此分析少数民族远程学习者所处的学习环境对其产生的影响,从而从政策角度提出对策建议。     

基于PBL的网络学习共同体的构建

基于问题的学习(PBL)和网络学习共同体是当前网络教育领域的研究热点。本文从介绍网络学习共同体和PBL的概念入手,设计出基于PBL的网络学习共同体的模型,并对其要素进行研究,结合PBL的理论,论述其学习过程,提高网络教学的质量。     

开放教育中学习者质量诉求分类及其表达

开放教育中学习者的质量诉求对教育质量的提升具有重要意义。学习者的质量诉求可分为感性质量诉求与理性质量诉求。诉求的表达可粗分为四类：积极参与式、消极参与式、积极退出式、消极退出式。     

Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research

Abstract

In this holistic review of cycling science, the objectives are: (1) to identify the various human and environmental factors that influence cycling power output and velocity; (2) to discuss, with the aid of a schematic model, the often complex interrelationships between these factors; and (3) to suggest future directions for research to help clarify how cycling performance can be optimized, given different race disciplines, environments and riders. Most successful cyclists, irrespective of the race discipline, have a high maximal aerobic power output measured from an incremental test, and an ability to work at relatively high power outputs for long periods. The relationship between these characteristics and inherent physiological factors such as muscle capilliarization and muscle fibre type is complicated by inter-individual differences in selecting cadence for different race conditions. More research is needed on high-class professional riders, since they probably represent the pinnacle of natural selection for, and physiological adaptation to, endurance exercise. Recent advances in mathematical modelling and bicycle-mounted strain gauges, which can measure power directly in races, are starting to help unravel the interrelationships between the various resistive forces on the bicycle (e.g. air and rolling resistance, gravity). Interventions on rider position to optimize aerodynamics should also consider the impact on power output of the rider. All-terrain bicycle (ATB) racing is a neglected discipline in terms of the characterization of power outputs in race conditions and the modelling of the effects of the different design of bicycle frame and components on the magnitude of resistive forces. A direct application of mathematical models of cycling velocity has been in identifying optimal pacing strategies for different race conditions. Such data should, nevertheless, be considered alongside physiological optimization of power output in a race. An even distribution of power output is both physiologically and biophysically optimal for longer ( >4km) time-trials held in conditions of unvarying wind and gradient. For shorter races (e.g. a 1km time-trial), an‘all out’ effort from the start is advised to‘save’ time during the initial phase that contributes most to total race time and to optimize the contribution of kinetic energy to race velocity. From a biophysical standpoint, the optimum pacing strategy for road time-trials may involve increasing power in headwinds and uphill sections and decreasing power in tailwinds and when travelling downhill. More research, using models and direct power measurement, is needed to elucidate fully how much such a pacing strategy might save time in a real race and how much a variable power output can be tolerated by a rider. The cyclist's diet is a multifactorial issue in itself and many researchers have tried to examine aspects of cycling nutrition (e.g. timing, amount, composition) in isolation. Only recently have researchers attempted to analyse interrelationships between dietary factors (e.g. the link between pre-race and in-race dietary effects on performance). The thermal environment is a mediating factor in choice of diet, since there may be competing interests of replacing lost fluid and depleted glycogen during and after a race. Given the prevalence of stage racing in professional cycling, more research into the influence of nutrition on repeated bouts of exercise performance and training is required.