Government,Church and Māori Responses to Mākutu (Sorcery) in New Zealand in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

ABSTRACT

Traditionally Māori attributed disease to supernatural causes, including mākutu (sorcery) and, as with some other indigenous cultures, considered that killing sorcerers was both just and right. Belief in mākutu ran counter to the Church's desire to gain religious primacy, and mākutu-related murders challenged the State's claim to sovereignty, and its desire to ‘civilize’ Māori. Each indigenous society possesses unique characteristics, just as the nature of each settler society develops within its own environment. While some similarities with other colonized societies can be identified, distinctive local conditions influenced the relationship of Māori to the New Zealand colonial state, and thus attitudes and actions relating to sorcery-related crime. This article explores how mākutu brought Māori communities into conflict with both Church and State, and how the latter in particular was constrained by political realities. As the nineteenth century came to an end, the murders had largely ceased and the State and Church became more concerned with Māori spiritual healers. The article also shows that Māori reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took a lead in changing Māori attitudes.     

Islamic Historians of the Ayyūbid Era and Muslim Rulers from the Early Crusading Period: A Study in the Use of History

This article examines the presentation of Muslim rulers from the early crusading period, 490–540/1097–1146 in six of the main chronicles written during the first half of the seventh/thirteenth century. It discusses the themes, ideas and topoi in each, demonstrating that the historians appear to have been divided into two ‘camps’ over their presentation of these rulers, based on their personal views of the rulers of their time. The article also examines why this division may have occurred, and considers its ramifications for modern scholarship of Arabic historiography, Islamic history and the history of the Crusades, in both the sixth/twelfth and seventh/thirteenth centuries.     

对我国3位优秀110m栏运动员的技术特征的分析研究

运用文献资料、数理统计法和比较分析法 ,对我国 3位优秀 110m栏运动员的比赛技术参数进行分析研究 ,并把部分技术参数与国外优秀选手进行对比 ,发现我国 3位选手在平跑能力、全程跨栏步步长、全程分栏时间与速度、过栏时间方面存在着不足 ,这些都有待于今后改进和提高。     

青少年男子400m跑项目分段计时训练的研究分析

运用文献资料法、数理统计法、对比分析法、实验法等方法对男子400m跑项目进行分段计时研究。研究结果：（1）分段计时跑很好地控制了运动员的节奏,合理的分配了体力,即在第一时段以中强度跑,第二时段以高强度跑,第三时段是冲刺阶段,但往往速度最慢;（2）分段计时训练的学生在心理上和体力上相比于传统训练的学生都占有优势;（3）分段计时法还可以帮助教练员对运动员的跑进行技术诊断;（4）提高运动员的成绩主要从运动员的速度、耐力、时间分配以及训练过程中能量的供应,制定合理的、科学的训练方法。     

陕西国力足球俱乐部的经营现状

阐述了陕西国力俱乐部的经营现状,指出俱乐部经营中存在着机制不完善、经营意识不强、足球后备人才匮乏、俱乐部负担过重、高素质足球经营管理人才匮乏等一系列问题,并对此提出了建议:俱乐部应向股份制过渡,俱乐部的经营应实行产业化经营,俱乐部应抓好后备人才的培养和青少年足球市场的开发。     

析100m速度特征之加速跑距离及其步态变化

通过对世界优秀运动员100m速度特征及其相关报道的结论与分析得出结论：1当代100m跑加速跑距离的研究室一个误区,加速跑距离长是高水平运动员最大速度大的外在表现特征,不能通过调整加速步态而达到提高成绩的目的;2运动员加速能力强的特征是加速度大而不是加速距离长;3步态特征之步长步频的变化是运动员高速跑中的自然协调,步长和步频应该作为一个整体来理解才有意义,简单的定论步长与步频谁代表了短跑的发展方向是误导;4建议100m训练重点放在技术与最大速度训练上,尽可能的发展动作速度．     

山东省3000米障碍赛运动员姜冰的动作技术诊断

使用二维高速摄像技术,采用APAS和Dartfish动作解析软件对山东省优秀3 000米障碍赛运动员姜冰的过栏及过水池技术动作进行定量分析。发现姜冰在完成跨栏动作时,步速过慢,影响其跨栏距离。建议在今后的跨栏训练中注意训练栏前的加速。在过水池时助跑最后一步步幅偏大,导致加速不足,过栏时动作幅度偏小,导致落地距离偏小,双足湿显著影响比赛成绩。建议其在助跑过程中采用小步加速的方法,增加上栏前的水平速度。     

高三女生800m跑施行单元教学与体能提高的实验研究

本文通过对高三年级女生施行耐久跑单元教学法结合娱乐教学的实验研究,激发了学生良好的学习兴趣,学生的体能有了显著性提高,实验证明耐久跑单元教学对提高高中女生800m跑成绩有着较好的教学效果。     

男子400 m跑各分段速度最佳化时控区间标准研究

以两届世界田径锦标赛和第24届奥运会男子400m前8名运动员的成绩为研究样本，对世界一流运动员400m跑各分段的速度特征与成绩的关系进行分析，通过对不同技术类型运动员的速度分配差异程度的研究，初步制定评价400m跑效果的分段速度最佳化时控区间标准。     

我国优秀男子100m跑运动员体能水平的评价与诊断

采用文献资料调研、问卷调查、专家访谈、测试与数理统计等研究方法,经过分层逐步回归分析,筛选出了有效反映我国男子100m跑健将级运动员体能水平的10项指标。对100m跑运动员体能各指标与100m跑成绩间的关系进行了灰色关联分析,并对运动员的体能水平进行了评价与诊断。