Formative Assessment: A Meta‐Analysis and a Call for Research

An effect size of about .70 (or .40–.70) is often claimed for the efficacy of formative assessment, but is not supported by the existing research base. More than 300 studies that appeared to address the efficacy of formative assessment in grades K‐12 were reviewed. Many of the studies had severely flawed research designs yielding uninterpretable results. Only 13 of the studies provided sufficient information to calculate relevant effect sizes. A total of 42 independent effect sizes were available. The median observed effect size was .25. Using a random effects model, a weighted mean effect size of .20 was calculated. Moderator analyses suggested that formative assessment might be more effective in English language arts (ELA) than in mathematics or science, with estimated effect sizes of .32, .17, and .09, respectively. Two types of implementation of formative assessment, one based on professional development and the other on the use of computer‐based formative systems, appeared to be more effective than other approaches, yielding mean effect size of .30 and .28, respectively. Given the wide use and potential efficacy of good formative assessment practices, the paucity of the current research base is problematic. A call for more high‐quality studies is issued.     

生命关怀：赋予小学生人格养成生长的力量——生命关怀下小学生人格养成教育的整体建构研究

开展扎实有效的人格养成教育的序列研究,是江阴市晨光实验小学从＂八五＂到＂十二五＂课题实施的轨迹。文章在简要解读课题的内涵,回顾近20年的研究历程,以及探寻课题研究价值的基础上,从生活指导、社团活动、课堂教学三个维度对操作实施进行了具体的阐释,旨在促进学生形成积极的人生态度,培养健康的审美情趣,养成自主的学习能力。     

Community College Counseling: Why Are Research Outcomes So Elusive?

This article focuses on counseling research in the community college context. The article suggests the need for a robust community college knowledge base, describes some limitations of the current community college literature, and suggests a framework for more effective work in this area. The authors’ own experiences and selected examples of published studies are used as illustrations of the hurdles encountered and solutions available when examining counseling theories, practices, and outcomes in 2‐year settings.     

Taking charge and letting go: exploring the ways a Transition to Adulthood project for teenagers with Duchenne muscular dystrophy has supported parents to prepare for the future

The new Special Educational Needs and Disability legislation in the Children and Families Act 2014 intends to raise the aspirations of young people with special educational needs and their families, and improve their life outcomes. But what do raised aspirations and better outcomes look like for young people who have a life‐limiting impairment? This article draws on data from a parent evaluation of a lottery‐funded Transition to Adulthood project for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), called ‘Takin’ Charge’, focusing in particular on whether or not the project helped parents of boys with DMD prepare for the future. Key themes that emerged were the importance and novelty of older role models with DMD in the project who were able to share their journeys into adulthood, the support between families that the project enabled, the meaning of family resilience and aspirations for a normal life. The use of solution‐focused questioning with families affected by a life‐limiting impairment is also explored.     

A review of parent–professional partnerships and some new obligations and concerns arising from the introduction of the SEND Code of Practice 2015

This article contributes a current thematic review of literature about the challenges of productive parent–professional partnership working relating to children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). It also reports on an empirical project which explored early experiences of professionals working under the newly statutory SEND Code of Practice 2015 and asks what new challenges have emerged for SEND parent‐partnerships. Particular consideration is given to the language of choice and preference in the Code, the new focus on outcomes in the place of specified provision, and the problematic construction of compliant partners.     

余华小说《第七天》中的生与死

《第七天》是余华继《兄弟》七年之后完成的最新一部长篇小说，描绘了主人公死去后所经历的事情以及勾起的回忆，为读者展现了一个平等、和谐的死亡世界。经过分析，作品中的生死问题包括三个方面：作品中的人物对死亡没有痛苦或恐惧，能够理性地看待死亡；生与死的意义被颠倒，死亡世界接近理想中的现实世界，更加引人向往；生与死由“爱”这条纽带联系起来，让人们在冰冷中感受到温情。这部小说暴露了大量的社会现实，引人深思，也备受争议。     

基于系统动态学方法的弱信号生命周期建模与仿真

[目的/意义]为增强弱信号的内涵研究，对其全生命周期过程下的各阶段要素以及要素间的联系进行探寻，以期获得一定程度上的理论贡献，同时也为相关组织在开展弱信号管理实践时提供理论指导。[方法/过程]在对弱信号概念研究现状进行梳理的基础上，结合意义构建理论给出了弱信号概念界定。随后，通过与信息生命周期、新兴议题生命周期进行类比，提出弱信号生命周期理念。进而采用系统动态学方法开展系统思考，使用因果回路图进行系统建模，运用存量流量图进行仿真模拟。[结果/结论]弱信号生命周期包含4个阶段：侦测、关联、传递、抉择，相应的系统动态学模型所具备的现实性得到验证，且通过情景模拟确认了4个关键辅助变量：外界噪声干扰程度、弱信号分析效率、组织内相互信任程度、决策者信任程度。在整体研究的基础上，给出弱信号管理过程中可能会遇到的障碍以及应对策略。     

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Life Skills Scale for Sport

ABSTRACT

This research adapted the Life Skills Scale for Sport (LSSS) into Portuguese and provided evidence for its construct validity. Study 1 included four translators and five academics who developed a Portuguese version of the LSSS (P-LSSS). During this study, evidence for the content and substantive aspects of construct validity was provided using an expert panel and 25 sports participants. Study 2 included 413 participants that completed the P-LSSS. Within this study, evidence for the structural aspect of construct validity was provided via factor analyses. Study 3 included 134 participants who completed the P-LSSS and a measure of motivation. This study provided evidence for the external aspect of construct validity, with results showing more self-determined motivation had positive relationships with participant’s life skills development. Overall, our findings provided evidence for the construct validity of P-LSSS scores. Researchers and practitioners can use the P-LSSS to assess life skills development within sports participants.     

饮食的内涵与外延

中国的饮食,在世界上享有盛誉,称为世界三大美食之一。饮食是人类赖以生存和繁衍的最基本的物质条件之一,民以食为天,饮食已经深深影响我们生活的各个方面,与我们的生活、政治、文化、文明和社会之间存在很大的关系。饮食所涉及的全部科学、艺术等方面的内容,已成为人类文明的标志之一。