黄河干流控制性梯级水库联合运行对下游水文情势的影响

为评价黄河干流控制性梯级水库联合运行对下游水文情势的改变程度,根据花园口水文站1949-2010年的日径流资料,在水文改变指标体系(IHA)的基础上,采用变异范围法(RVA),定量分析了不同梯级水库联合运行前后,黄河下游水文情势变化情况及改变程度。分析结果表明:①梯级水库联合运行后,黄河下游的水文情势发生了高度改变,且改变度随着水库联合运行数量的增加而增强;②刘家峡和三门峡二库运行阶段,水文情势改变度为68.92%;刘家峡、龙羊峡和三门峡三库运行阶段,改变度为73.21%;龙羊峡、刘家峡、三门峡和小浪底四库运行阶段,改变度为87%;③不同水库联合运行对黄河下游生态水文特征的影响差异较大,尤其是四库联合调度后,汛期流量剧减,低流量频繁出现,致使河道的生物量和多样性急剧下降,严重危害河流生态健康。     

竞技状态的理论审视

立足于运动训练与竞赛实践,运用马克思主义哲学观点,在初步阐述竞技状态基本内涵的基础上,对竞技状态进行了理论审视。指出:用唯物辩证法和实践的观点认识、分析和研究竞技状态;竞技状态是复杂性和简单性的辩证统一;是易变性和稳定性的辩证统一;是可调整性和一定程度的可控性的辩证统一;对竞技状态的评价应该将生理生化指标评价、运动成绩评价和应对水平评价结合起来;竞技状态与运动成绩的关系是对称性和非对称性的辩证统一。旨在更为全面、科学的认识运动状态。     

平面与空间的转化，变与不变的升华--立体几何翻折问题探究

翻折问题是立体几何的重要问题,是平面几何与空间几何问题转化的集中体现。翻折问题的探究必须充分利用不变量和不变关系,抓住翻折前后始终位于折线同侧的几何量和位置关系保持不变。     

语言Q值与小语种语言存亡边界——基于语言经济学的模型

基于语言的人力资本性质,引入语言"Q值"量化其经济价值,并以此修正Grin模型分析小语种语言存在的必要性。分析结果表明:(1)语言的Q值越大时,也即这种语言的生命力越强时,人们投入这种语言的时间就会越多;(2)基于文化和政治上的原因,在小语种语言有必要保护的前提下,刻画出小语种语言存亡边界、改变小语种语言的语言态度以及小语种语言的使用人数,可以使小语种语言从死亡区进入生存区;(3)在对小语种语言保护的制度安排中,持久增加使用小语种语言的人数十分重要。     

A multi-criteria approach for the group assessment of an academic course: A case study

The present paper aims at proposing a structured methodology to evaluate the results of an academic training course addressed to postgraduate students. The evaluation process intends to identify the efficacy of an education course by means of a comparison between the general objectives and the results expected by the students. Since the evaluated aspects by the students, detected by means of questionnaires, are both quantitative and qualitative, the proposed methodology is based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In order to facilitate the evaluation process, answers have been modelled by means of linguistic variables. In particular, different evaluation scales have been used and each one is characterized by different levels associated to different fuzzy numbers.     

Composition of Practice: Influence on the Retention of Motor Skills

Abstract

The purpose of these experiments was to investigate further the variable practice effect found by Shea and Kohl (1990). Experiment 1 was an initial attempt to determine the locus of the retention benefits demonstrated by subjects provided variable practice experiences. All groups received 20 acquisition blocks consisting of five test trials per block at a target of 150 N. The interval between test trials was either unfilled or filled, with additional trials consisting of the same target force, variable target forces, or practice on an unrelated motor task. The results indicated retention was not incremented (relative to an unfilled interval) by requiring subjects to perform an unrelated motor task in the intertest–trial interval. However, when the intertest–trial interval was filled with practice on related motor tasks, retention was significantly improved. Experiment 2 assessed the impact of increasing the number of related motor tasks interpolated between test trials. The results indicated filling the intertest–trial interval with one motor task resulted in large retention benefits relative to an unfilled interval. Further increases in the number of related motor tasks (3) interpolated between test trials resulted in only modest increments to retention. The results were consistent with the elaboration perspective proposed by Shea and Zimny (1983). The elaboration perspective proposes that the simultaneous presence of related items in working memory facilitates interitem elaborative and distinctive processing that ultimately results in retention benefits.     

瑞士球核心稳定性训练对心肺及其调节功能影响的实验研究

观察为期四周瑞士球核心稳定性训练（球上跪姿抬臂）对普通女大学生心率变异性和最大吸氧量的影响规律。利用芬兰产的POLAR S810i遥测心率表及瑞典产的MONARK 839E有氧功率车为工具,测量比较了四周瑞士球核心稳定性训练前后18名普通女大学生（实验组10人,对照组8人）心率变异性指标、最大吸氧量以及血压、心率的变化。经过四周锻炼,实验组的10名受试者均能在瑞士球上维持跪姿抬臂标准姿势5min。实验组最大吸氧量绝对值呈现极显著性增加（P〈0.01）,相对值呈现显著性增加（P〈0.05）、舒张压、心率则出现了显著性降低（P〈0.05）;SD、RMSSD以及HF都出现了显著性增加（P〈0.05）。对照组各项指标均未出现显著性差异（P〉0.05）。四周瑞士球核心稳定性训练可显著提高心肺功能,降低安静时交感神经的紧张性,增加副交感神经的紧张性。提示该训练方法对强身健体、缓解压力可能有显著性作用。     

英语中“水”的概念分析

与科学世界图景中的水概念不同,语言世界图景中水的概念化呈现出自己的特点。通过对以水为关键词的搭配为语料对水进行的概念分析发现,英语中将水概念化为动物、人、有固定外形的物体和无固定外形的物体。尽管其概念化呈现出无序性和非逻辑性,但反映出在英伦民族意识中对水这一概念的初始认识。     

课程研究的语言转向

概念重建之后,课程被化约为作为语言样态存在的"符号表征",其涵括的"符号潜能"和语言意蕴得以彰显,课程语言问题由此成为课程研究的焦点,并促使整个课程领域发生"语言转向"。语言转向之后,课程研究从科学语言时代迈入诗性语言时代,呼应了从课程开发到课程理解的范式转型,其主旨在于反思课程教学实践和观照课程主体生命。