比较视野下的刑法错误理论

“错误”在犯罪论中占有重要地位。我国刑法虽然没有关于错误的正面规定，然而“错误”却是理论界难以回避的问题。“不允许法律的错误，但允许事实的错误(error iuris noeet，error facti non nocet)。”这是一条古老的罗马法原则。该原则逐步发展，现今已成为各国错误理论得以展开的重要基石。本拟从我国与大陆法系比较法角度探讨刑法中错误的概念、地位、分类及学说，并作出自己粗浅的评介。     

广东省城镇居民消费与收入关系的协整分析

用协整检验和误差修正模型对1987-2004年广东省城镇居民消费与可支配收入之间的关系进行了协整研究。实证分析结果表明,1987-2004年期间,广东省城镇居民的消费与收入之间存在协整关系。最后,提出了几点政策建议和措施。     

两种用于城市用水量预测的灰色-神经网络组合模型

为了提高灰色GM(1,1)模型在城市用水量预测中的精度,结合BP神经网络的优点,给出了两种灰色-神经网络组合模型GM-BP1和GM-BP2.模型1利用神经网络对GM(1,1)模型的误差序列进行回归训练,将得到的预测值作为原始误差的修正来减小误差;而模型2由部分数据建立了GM(1,1)模型组,通过神经网络训练得到部分数据GM(1,1)模型组与真实值之间的非线性映射关系,利用这种精准的映射关系来提高预测精度.最后实际算例表明了所给方法是有效的,该组合模型可用于城市用水量的中长期预测.     

测量误差二次多项式回归模型随机误差方差的相合估计

在实际应用中,测量误差二次多项式回归模型随机误差方差σc^2的值经常是不能确定的,这给模型进一步处理带来麻烦,我们从收集的样本（Xt,Yt）,t=1,2,…,n,定义一个函数来估计一的值,进而得到一的相合估计值。     

论运动训练学的逻辑起点与理论体系

随着相关学科的不断发展,运动训练学的内容日趋完善并在实践中起到越来越重要的作用。通过文献收集与分析、逻辑推理等方法,提出运动训练学的逻辑起点是身体训练,而当前的理论体系尚不完善,仍需不断改进。     

Static and dynamic accuracy of a magnetic-inertial measurement unit used to provide racket swing kinematics

Magnetic-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) are becoming more prevalent in sports biomechanics and may be a viable tool to evaluate kinematic parameters. This study examined the accuracy of a MIMU to estimate orientation angles under static conditions and dynamically from a squash racket during a forehand drive shot. A MIMU was mounted onto a goniometer and moved through 0–90°, with static data collected at 10° increments during 10 repetitions of all three axes. Typical error analyses showed the MIMU to be very reliable (TE ≤ 0.03°). MIMU accuracy was determined via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (r > 0.999, p < 0.001). An ordinary least products regression showed no proportional bias and minimal fixed bias for all axes. Dynamic accuracy was assessed by comparing MIMU and optical motion capture data of squash racket swing kinematics. A MIMU was fixed onto a racket and 10 participants each hit 10 forehand shots. Mean orientation angle error at ball impact was <0.50° and ICC showed very high correlations (r ≥ 0.988, p < 0.001) for all orientations. Swing phase root mean squared errors were ≤2.20°. These results indicate that a MIMU could be used to accurately and reliably estimate selected racket swing kinematics.     

The dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (DCRe): introducing relative and absolute reliability scores

Analytical methods to assess thigh muscle balance need to provide reliable data to allow meaningful interpretation. However, reproducibility of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point has not been evaluated yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare relative and absolute reliability indices of its angle and moment values with conventional and functional hamstring–quadriceps ratios. Furthermore, effects of familiarisation and angular velocity on reproducibility were analysed. A number of 33 male volunteers participated in 3 identical test sessions. Peak moments (PMs) were determined unilaterally during maximum concentric and eccentric knee flexion (prone) and extension (supine position) at 0.53, 1.57 and 2.62 rad · s^–1. A repeated measure, ANOVA, confirmed systematic bias. Intra-class correlation coefficients and standard errors of measurement indicated relative and absolute reliability. Correlation coefficients were averaged over respective factors and tested for significant differences. All balance scores showed comparable low-to-moderate relative (<0.8–0.9) and good absolute reliability (<10%). Relative reproducibility of dynamic control equilibrium parameters augmented with increasing angular velocity, but not with familiarisation. At 2.62 rad · s^–1, high (moment: 0.906) to moderate (angle: 0.833) relative reliability scores with accordingly high absolute indices (4.9% and 6.4%) became apparent. Thus, the dynamic control equilibrium is an equivalent method for the reliable assessment of thigh muscle balance.     

覆盖船位的概率相等的误差图形面积的比较

分析了覆盖船位的概率相等的误差四边形、椭圆和圆的面积大小问题,并得到结论：（１）误差椭圆的面积为最小;（２）当两条船位线的精度比λ＝Ｅ１Ｅ２＝１．０～１．２５,交角θ＝８０°～９０°及λ＝１．０～１．１,θ＝７５°～９０°时,误差四边形的面积为最大,而误差椭圆的面积为圆的９８．９％～１００％。因此,建议这时用标准误差圆评定船位精度,船位在该圆内的概率Ｐ≈６３．５％。在其余场合,误差圆的面积为最大,而误差椭圆面积为四边形的９６．８％～９９．２％。因此,建议这时用标准误差四边形评定船位精度,船位在其内的概率Ｐ＝４６．６％。从而修正了在文献［１］～［４］中的“误差四边形的面积为最大”和文献［５］中的“误差圆的面积为最大的”不正确的论断。     

BONAGE超声骨龄测试和X光拍摄两种骨龄检测方法的比较研究

通过判读手掌和手腕骨的X光成像图片来评价青少年骨龄是体育和医学界一直使用的传统方法,长期的实践应用已证明它是行之有效的。但为变革其固有的缺陷对新的评价方法的探索一直没有停止,其中以色列阳光公司研制的BoneAge超声骨龄检测仪利用定量超声原理来评价骨龄,已批量投入市场且已为国内部分省市的体育部门所采用。研究目的:对BoneAge超声检测方法和传统X光拍摄方法进行方法学比较分析,检验新方法的准确性和有效性,以维护骨龄检测的权威性和科学性。研究对象:5-17岁男女青少年322名。研究方法:(1)超声骨龄仪的可重复性试验(实验对象93名);(2)X光片判读结果与超声检测结果的比较。对223名男女青少年拍摄手掌(腕)骨进行X光拍摄后随即使用BonAge超声骨龄检测仪对同批对象进行手腕部超声扫描。将超声骨龄结果与两位专家对X光片盲式读片结果的平均值进行比较分析。研究结果:(1)对超声骨龄仪的可重复性实验结果表明,两次测试的骨龄均值无显著性差异且呈高度相关,提示该仪器总体稳定性良好;(2)对超声骨龄结果与X光骨龄均值比较的显示,无论是区分年龄段还是性别,两种评定结果之间均有较大的系统误差和随机误差,且这种误差随年龄段的增大而有所加大;对年龄段较高的人群,超声检测结果更易高估对象的骨发育程度;单因变量多因素方差分析表明,骨龄评价结果主要受到评定方法和年龄段因素的影响,而与性别因素关系不大;对超声骨龄和X光骨龄的相关程度和直线回归分析表明,尽管总体人群的两种评价结果存在高度相关,直线回归效果较好,但引入年龄段因素后,相关程度明显降低,回归效果较差,提示这两种方法之间不能相互替代。     

MATLAB在控制系统稳态误差分析中的应用

本文分析说明了如何利用MATLAB实现控制系统稳态误差的计算及稳态误差曲线的绘制,并通过一个控制系统实例做了详细介绍。