DII、esp@cenet、CA在科技查新专利检索中的应用

详细分析德温特专利创新索引(DII)、欧洲专利系统(esp@cenet)、美国化学文摘(CA)3种检索工具对专利文献的报 道特征与检索功能；通过检索实例对3者应用于科技查新专利检索的优势与不足进行评析，并就具体应用方法提出相关建议。     

Quantitative analysis of approaches to group marking

Abstract

Group work, where students work on projects to overcome challenges together, has numerous advantages, including learning of important transferable skills, better learning experience and increased motivation. However, in many academic systems the advantages of group projects clash with the need to assign individualised marks to students. A number of different schemes have been proposed to individualise group project marks, these include marking of individual reflexive accounts of the group work and peer assessment. Here, we explore a number of these schemes in computational experiments with an artificial student population. Our analysis highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme and particularly reveals the power of a new scheme proposed here that we call pseudoinverse marking.

Abbreviations

SOPP: Self organised peer assessment; RA: Reflexive accounts; MRA: Mark-adjusted reflexive accounts; NPA: Normalised peer assessment; PR: Peer ranking; PiM: Pseudoinverse marking     

Feed-forward assessment,exemplars and peer marking: evidence of efficacy

The paper reports the findings of evaluative research that attempted to rigorously assess the efficacy of a feed-forward, formative assessment intervention. The aim was to improve participants’ conceptions of quality, and hence improve the quality of a complex piece of summative assessment, by asking them to mark exemplars produced by former students. Feed-forward assessment has theoretical support in the literature, but empirical confirmation has been slight. Research findings were encouraging. A statistical model incorporating feed-forward was developed which accounted for a large effect in the improvement of results for the summative item. Importantly, there was improvement across student ability levels. Students, in the main, made accurate judgements about different levels of exemplar quality, although they had some difficulty discerning different pathways to high-quality products. Qualitative analysis indicated improved student conceptions of coherence and integration in the summative piece.     

Towards a pedagogy of listening: teaching and learning from life stories of human rights violations

In response to the task of designing curriculum that helps youth engage thoughtfully with digital stories of human rights violations, the authors articulate the central tenets of a pedagogy of listening that draws upon elements of oral history, concepts of witnessing and testimony, the work on listening of Dewey, Freire and Rinaldi and the philosophy of listening. These tenets are explored in relation to the five curricular units for secondary schools that they produced as part of a large oral history project that documents the life stories of Montrealers displaced by war, genocide and other human rights violation. The pedagogy of listening aims to: promote more democratic relations, build a listening community and foster close and attentive listening, develop an ethics of listening, support critical reflexive practice and movement towards social action, explore the multitude of listenings, explore listening as curation and foster students’ historical imaginations.     

The method of Adaptive Comparative Judgement

Adaptive Comparative Judgement (ACJ) is a modification of Thurstone’s method of comparative judgement that exploits the power of adaptivity, but in scoring rather than testing. Professional judgement by teachers replaces the marking of tests; a judge is asked to compare the work of two students and simply to decide which of them is the better. From many such comparisons a measurement scale is created showing the relative quality of students’ work; this can then be referenced in familiar ways to generate test results. The judges are asked only to make a valid decision about quality, yet ACJ achieves extremely high levels of reliability, often considerably higher than practicable operational marking can achieve. It therefore offers a radical alternative to the pursuit of reliability through detailed marking schemes. ACJ is clearly appropriate for performances like writing or art, and for complex portfolios or reports, but may be useful in other contexts too. ACJ offers a new way to involve all teachers in summative as well as formative assessment. The model provides strong statistical control to ensure quality assessment for individual students. This paper describes the theoretical basis of ACJ, and illustrates it with outcomes from some of our trials.     

观念创新及对区域影响分析--以南庄村钢卷尺公司为例

观念创新是企业和区域经济持续发展的重要因素．作者在调查南庄村钢卷尺公司的基础上，提出观念创新对区域经济的影响：增加就业；带动区域总体发展；增加居民收入、提高消费水平；改善基础设施环境；促使区域产业结构合理化等．     

导游人才培养必须重视人文教育

加强对导游人才的素质教育是发展旅游事业的重要一环。对导游人才的培养除了要求掌握专业知识与技能外，还必须有良好的心理素质与人文修养。文章通过阐述人文科学的内涵、导游专业的学科定位及导游人才的人文修养等问题，说明人文教育在导游人才培养上的重要性和必要性。     

When it comes round to marking assignments: how to impress and how to ‘distress’ lecturers …

What do lecturers look for when marking essays? What impresses them and what frustrates them? In this paper, we present the results of a survey which asked lecturers to address these questions. Thirty‐two lecturers responded to an email survey in which they listed the problems they found most frustrating when marking essays and the factors which most impressed them. This resulted in 206 comments related to sources of frustration and 139 comments listing factors which impress them. The comments were then coded into themes and ranked in order of importance by 16 lecturers from the original sample. The results highlight a range of issues that may be useful for lecturers when discussing assignments, and instructive for students when writing their assignments.     

论导游语言魅力与游客审美知觉的契合

导游语言是一种很特殊的职业语言。本文在剖析导游语言魅力的内涵基础上,研究了游客审美知觉的基本要素,指出导游员在为旅游者提供服务时,为引起旅游者在情感上、观念上乃至行为上的互动,需要通过准确生动、和美友好的导游语言传递审美信息,以与游客求知、求新、求乐等诸多审美知觉要求相契合。