From learning to labour to learning for marginality: school segregation and marginalization in Swedish suburbs

In this article, using data from ethnographic research, we try to present some glimpses of the way education is described as an experience and possibility ‘from below’, by pupils who grow up and study in schools in the most segregated and territorially stigmatized suburbs on the outskirts of our major cities. What we feel they describe is an experience of schooling for surviving the social and economic consequences of curtailed citizenship in a post‐industrial society rather than one of schooling that offers possibilities of integration and full citizenship or social transformation. Our findings have significant policy implications in this respect. Sweden has historically pursued projects aimed at educational inclusion but has recently taken a significant turn toward neo‐liberalism and educational consumerism, since which time various disadvantaged groups have become increasingly concentrated compared with others in under‐achieving schools in an economically threatened public sector. The article discusses some aspects and possible consequences of this development.     

A new age for child protection--General Comment 13: why it is important, how it was constructed, and what it intends?

Children continue to be subjected to high levels of violence (i.e., physical, psychological and sexual maltreatment) throughout the world. International concern about violence against children has increased significantly during the last decade. A Study on Violence Against Children, encouraged by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary General and reported in 2006, has become a rallying call to improve child protection. Child protection practices and systems have been judged to be generally inadequate and, in some cases, destructive. It is widely recognized that business as usual—more of the same—will not do. A General Comment (guide to fulfilling obligations) for Article 19, the central conceptualization of child protection of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, has the potential to promote a worldwide reformulation of child protection priorities, policies, and practices by virtue of the infusion of a child rights approach. It can be a mechanism for framing and promoting the transformational change needed – for a genuine paradigm shift. Here, explication is given for the historical context, rationale, centrality of child rights, process of development, holistic nature, and primary elements of General Comment 13 (GC13): The child's right to freedom from all forms of violence. GC13 embodies and champions a child rights approach to child protection entailing strong support for proactive primary prevention, promotion of good child care, and a commitment to secure the rights and well-being of all children. A child rights-based, comprehensive coordinating framework is recommended for the implementation of GC13.     

Gender differences in the effects of exposure to intimate partner violence on adolescent violence and drug use

Objective

This study investigated the long-term effects of exposure to intimate partner violence in the home on adolescent violence and drug use and gender differences in these relationships. Although the general relationship between exposure to IPV and negative outcomes for youth has been demonstrated in past research, gender differences in the effects of IPV on adolescents have been rarely assessed using longitudinal data.

Methods

Longitudinal data was obtained from 1,315 adolescents and their primary caregivers participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). The sample was 51% female and ethnically diverse (45% Hispanic, 37% African-American, and 14% Caucasian). Two waves of data were assessed to examine the effects of exposure to IPV, reported by caregivers when their children were aged 12 and 15, on violence and drug use, reported by adolescents 3 years later. Multivariate statistical models were employed to control for a range of child, parent, family, and neighborhood risk factors.

Results

Exposure to IPV did not significantly predict subsequent violence among males or females in multivariate analyses. IPV exposure was significantly related to the frequency of drug use for females but did not predict drug use among males. This gender difference was not statistically significant, however, which suggests more similarities than differences in the relationship between exposure to IPV and subsequent violence and drug use.

Conclusions

This study supports prior research indicating that exposure to IPV can negatively impact adolescent development, but it suggests that these effects may be more likely to influence some outcomes (e.g., drug use) than others (e.g., interpersonal violence). The findings also emphasize the need for additional research examining the overall impact of IPV on adolescent problem behaviors and gender differences in these relationships, including longitudinal studies and investigations that control for a range of other important predictors. A better understanding of these relationships can help inform intervention efforts aimed at ensuring that adolescents living in violent households receive timely and appropriate services to help prevent the occurrence of future problem behaviors.     

Differential effects of psychological maltreatment on children of mothers exposed to intimate partner violence

Objective

Psychological maltreatment (PM) is the most prevalent form of child abuse, and is the core component of most of what is considered as child maltreatment. The aim of this work was to explore differential adverse outcomes of the different types of PM in the mental health and functioning of children living in homes in which they are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV).

Method

Participants were 168 children, aged between 4 and 17, whose mothers experienced IPV. They were assessed using different measures of psychopathology and functioning: Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-IV, Child Behavior Checklists and Child and Adolescent Functioning Assessment Scale. Furthermore, IPV was assessed with the Schedule for Assessment of Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Children and the Index of Spouse Abuse. Statistical analyses were carried out with regression models adjusted by means of Generalized Estimating Equations.

Results

Spurning was the PM subtype with the greatest global effect on the children, as it was significantly associated with internalizing and externalizing problems. Denying emotional responsiveness specifically increased the risk of internalizing psychopathology and impairment in the emotional area. Terrorizing was not significantly associated with a greater number of negative outcomes in children's psychopathology or functioning in this population.

Implications

The results suggest the importance of taking PM types into account in order to fully understand the problems of children exposed to IPV at home, and for the design of effective treatment and prevention programs.     

论家庭暴力法律事实的诉讼证明

家庭暴力案件的复杂性之一在于家庭暴力法律事实的认定存在难度,因此需要建立相应的诉讼证明标准。而如何通过诉讼证明存在家庭暴力的事实,一直是司法界和学术界难以解决的问题之一。因此,对于家庭暴力认定难的问题,有必要对有关诉讼的证明标准、举证责任以及证据形式和证明力等问题进行探讨。在诉讼中,既要考虑家庭暴力的特殊性,也要看到此类案件与一般诉讼案件的共同性,应当遵循诉讼的一般规则,通过程序正义来保障实体的正义。     

古希腊竞技体育中暴力因素的文化学解读

古希腊体育活动中暴力一直是其发展的主线。由古希腊种种体育竞技赛会起源的神话传说可以看出古希腊人性中对暴力的推崇。在荷马史诗的暴力描述中折射出古希腊人多种族混融过程的艰难与血腥。由于古希腊奴隶城邦制迫使军事化体育活动成为古希腊人生活的一种常态,这种生存状态无形中构成了古希腊人暴力体育竞技的基础。最终古希腊人将暴力与文明共同融合在竞技体育之中,相互约束、相互牵制,达到一种完美的动态平衡。     

我国篮球竞赛暴力事件中球员暴力成因与对策研究

对国内外篮球重大赛事的24场典型暴力事件进行统计分析,总结归纳了3大类26项暴力成因,并对成因进行2轮专家调查和分成不同模块进行R型因子分析,确定了关键因素,揭示了心理基础;进而从管理机构、裁判员队伍、教练员队伍、运动员队伍、现场球迷、新闻媒介等方面探讨篮球竞赛暴力事件的规避策略。     

暴力在体育运动中的偏离指向研究

随着现代体育运动竞争的加剧,商业化的进驻,主动参与者和被参与者之间的种族、宗教、文化、价值观的差异,使得体育运动场上不断发生暴力冲突。这个现象将如何扭曲社会文化指向呢？通过对暴力性行为的理论、产生原因等分析,对暴力性行为的控制提出一些防范措施,这将有利于体育运动的健康发展和社会的安定。     

论武侠电影对武术文化的现代化传播之影响

全球语境下武术文化已经成为中国文化的重要标识,以武术文化为加工原料的武侠电影,自然也脱离了大众文化快餐式的特性而成为值得研究的艺术范本。自20世纪20年代兴起,中国影视对武术文化的制作和传播,迄今已有80多年的发展,逐渐形成一套独具特色的制作传播机制。论文从影视媒介入手,从艺术审美日常化、暴力美学和谐化、精神品格人格化三个方面探讨武侠电影在传播过程中对武术文化的传统保留和现代演绎。     

也谈婚前按揭婚后取得房产证的住房及婚后增值部分之归属——兼评最高院《〈婚姻法〉司法解释（三）》（征求意见稿）第6条、第11条

婚前按揭婚后取得房产证的房屋及增值部分的归属是离婚争议的主要情形之一,也是理论界、实务界意见相差极大的现实问题。正确认识《物权法》与《婚姻法》的关系,坚守婚姻伦理和公平观念,在保护夫妻一方婚前个人财产所有权的同时,必须照顾无房一方的利益。