美国公共图书馆的青少年教育服务——以美国奥斯汀市公共图书馆体系为例

本文以素有"硅丘"之称的高科技重镇德克萨斯州首府奥斯汀市公共图书馆系统为例,分析探讨了美国公共图书馆富有特色的青少年儿童教育服务项目,以期为我国公共图书馆青少年教育职能开发提供借鉴。奥斯汀市公共图书馆系统青少年适读馆藏数量繁多,教育项目丰富多样,开发了多种形式的数字资源,为青少年提供了多样化的活动空间,以及家庭作业辅导和其他技能培训,不仅培养了青少年阅读习惯和能力,还通过志愿服务等活动培育青少年的社会服务意识和能力。     

模糊数学对哈尔滨市新老工业区土壤重金属污染对比研究

以哈尔滨市新老工业区土壤重金属污染为研究对象,对新老工业区土壤中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni等6种重金属元素进行了分析测定,采用模糊数学模型对新老工业区土壤重金属污染进行对比研究。研究结果表明,对照松嫩平原土壤背景值,研究区域重金属污染较严重,老工业区土壤环境质量为III级,新兴工业区为II级。该研究力图反映经济社会的发展对土壤环境不同的影响,为哈尔滨市工业区合理布局及土壤重金属防控提供科学依据。     

康托实数集合不可数证明中的四种错误探析

从逻辑、无穷观、极限论和证明的思路及具体的操作过程,分析了新发现的康托在实数集合不可数证明中所存在的四种错误,得到＂由于与现有经典无穷理论体系、经典极限论和经典数量体系密切相关的数学基础理论中所存在的缺陷,康托在这类证明中无法回避这四种很严重但却很隐蔽的错误＂的明确结论.特别是其中的逻辑错误使这样的证明无意中成了一种典型的数学魔术.     

傅璇琮先生近6年的学术活动与研究

2006年,傅璇琮任博导,始于中国人民大学国学院指导博士生,这标志着先生的学术与研究活动进入了一个新时期。6年来,傅璇琮出版专著《翰林学士传论》（晚唐卷）,主编《续修四库全书总目提要》、《宋才子传笺证》、《宋登科记考》、《中国古代诗文名著提要》,担任《三字经》编审委员会主任,发表《〈唐诗纪事校笺〉掇误》等学术论文,以学术交流与学术合作的方式鼓励博士生探索实践,并在教学中融会自己的学术精神与学术经验。     

幸福:爱智精神在伦理学中的结晶——对《尼各马科伦理学》幸福观的解读

自苏格拉底把哲学从天上拉回人间起,有关"幸福"的道德哲学思考就被提上了日程,走上了更系统化,更严谨,更完整的伦理学这一康庄大道。作为古希腊哲学的集大成者,亚里士多德是西方哲学史上第一个对幸福问题做出系统而完整阐述的哲学家。在亚里士多德看来,作为人生之最高目的的幸福是通过合乎德性的现实活动而被获得的,完满的幸福也即思辨活动,它是爱智精神在伦理学中的结晶。     

基于Graph的铁道工程工期估算算法及实现

为有效帮助铁道工程技术管理人员进行工程工期估算,合理调度和控制各子工程的施工进度,运用Graph结构中的AOE网分析工期估算算法,可实现计算机辅助管理,有利于科学管理铁道工程。     

Test-Based Learning: Inconsistent Effects Between Higher- and Lower-Level Test Questions

Providing test questions after an initial study phase is a common instructional technique. In theory, questions that require higher-level (deep) processing should be more beneficial than those that require lower-level (shallow) processing. However, empirical evidence on the matter is inconsistent. To shed light on two potential reasons for these inconsistencies, we conducted an experiment (N = 81) to analyze the role of (a) the share of information to which test questions direct learners and (b) the learning activities performed in the initial study phase with respect to the effects between higher- and lower-level test questions. We found that both the share of focused information and the initial learning activities moderated the effects between higher- and lower-level test questions.     

Teaching primary mathematics with challenging tasks: How should lessons be structured?

Engaging students in a challenging (cognitively demanding) task and launching a mathematics lesson with a task before instruction are two characteristics of a reform-oriented approach to mathematics instruction often considered together. The authors systematically contrasted teaching with challenging tasks using a task-first lesson structure with that of a discussion-first lesson structure to three composite classes of first- and second-grade students (n = 73). Subsequent assessments of mathematical performance revealed that the discussion-first lesson structure was somewhat more efficacious in improving fluency performance but both structures similarly improved problem-solving performance. The findings suggest there is more than one way of incorporating challenging tasks into mathematics lessons to produce sizeable learning gains.     

Gender differences in mathematics and science competitions: A systematic review

Gendered patterns in mathematics and science interest emerge in early childhood, develop over time, and ultimately reflect advanced course selection in secondary education. During the crucial time adolescents become aware of their strengths and interests and specialize accordingly, they get the opportunity to participate in out-of-school learning programs such as mathematics and science competitions. This raises the question whether mathematics and science competitions contribute to gender equity by equally promoting female and male interests. In this article, we present a systematic review on gender differences and the mechanisms explaining success and failure in mathematics and science competitions. On an international level, we found large gender differences regarding participation in all Olympiads with the exception of the biology Olympiad. In fairs and national Olympiads, overall participation rates were not gendered as such, but females preferred biology topics whereas males preferred physics related topics. Male and female achievement in fairs was comparable, but males clearly outperformed female participants at the Olympiads, with the smallest differences in the biology Olympiad. Variables and theoretical frameworks explaining participation and achievement and the role of gender in mathematics and science competitions are discussed. We suggest that gender stereotypes, through their influence on self-concept and interest, play an important role in the mechanisms resulting in low female participation rates in and beyond mathematics and science competitions (especially in physics and chemistry). The mechanisms we found explaining female representation during a national selection competition might be considered as reflecting those in female mathematics or science careers and could thus serve as food for thought on countering the gender gap in mathematics and science.     

大学生课外科技创新活动体系构建的探索与实践

结合国外高校成功经验,阐述了如何构建大学生课外科技创新活动体系,为学生提供科技创新的学习实践平台,使其将所学理论知识进行实践综合与创造,培养其创新意识和创新精神,促进创新型工程人才的培养。