Mutual point-winning probabilities (MPW): a new performance measure for table tennis

ABSTRACT

We propose a new performance measure for table tennis players: the mutual point-winning probabilities (MPW) as server and receiver. The MPWs quantify a player’s chances to win a point against a given opponent, and hence nicely complement the classical match statistics history between two players. These new quantities are based on a Bradley-Terry-type statistical model taking into account the importance of individual points, since a rally at 8–2 in the first set is less crucial than a rally at the score of 9–9 in the final set. The MPWs hence reveal a player’s strength on his/her service against a given opponent as well as his/her capacity of scoring crucial points. We estimate the MPWs by means of maximum likelihood estimation and show via a Monte Carlo simulation study that our estimation procedure works well. In order to illustrate the MPWs’ versatile use, we have organized two round-robin tournaments of ten respectively eleven table tennis players from the Belgian table tennis federation. We compare the classical final ranking to the ranking based on MPWs, and we highlight how the MPWs shed new light on strengths and weaknesses of the players.     

关键制约因子下绿色经济评价模型及实证研究

通过将绿色经济评价指标体系的五个不同方面作为约束条件引入模型,可客观、有效地得出影响各评价对象绿色经济发展状况的关键因子。主要做法:一是利用离差最大化优化模型对各评价指标赋权,保证所求权重的客观性与合理性。二是将5个不同层面分别作为制约条件引入评价模型得到模型最优解。三是分别对有、无制约条件下的各评价对象的排名波动情况进行分析比较,确定各盟市绿色经济的发展差异以及影响其发展优劣的关键要素。实证结果表明,环境保护的相关方面对各盟市绿色经济发展影响最大,资源承载力及人的全面发展方面次之。     

真理想存在性的一个判定方法

本文主要通过极大理想空间与乘法线性泛函的核空间的关系,给出了真理想存在性的一个判别方法.     

基于最大似然估计的航海雷达目标检测算法

为克服传统航海雷达目标检测方法在能见度低或海杂波严重时搜索效率不佳的缺点,结合已知目标的自动识别系统(Automatic Identification System,AIS)信息,提出一种利用最大似然估计(Maximum Likelihood Estimate,MLE)方法确定海杂波中搜索目标阈值的算法,将其应用到海上搜救目标检测中.该算法首先把已知目标的AIS信息作为样本集,然后用MLE方法估计海杂波中搜索目标的阈值,最后在PC机上用QT和MATLAB进行编程.实验结果表明,此算法能够提高雷达搜索目标的准确性和海上救援效率.     

Bilateral deficit in power production during multi-joint leg extensions

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of the bilateral deficit both as a function of overall and individual joint power. Most studies addressing the deficit have assessed force; however, in most sporting events maximal power is more important than maximal force production. To address this, in the current study we assessed the bilateral deficit for multi-joint movements as measured by overall lower extremity and individual joint power. We assessed power production using an isokinetic machine permitting both unilateral and bilateral leg extensions. Several significant effects and interactions between the contraction type (unilateral, bilateral, alternating unilateral), side of the body, lower extremity joint, and percentage of a 1-RM load were revealed. All interactions were between the lower extremity joints (hip, knee, ankle) and involved the contraction protocol (P=0.001), the percentage of 1-RM load (P=0.0002), and the side of the body (P=0.0003). Taken together, the results indicate that the bilateral deficit is manifested using a measure of power, but more importantly, the deficit has differential implications based on the overall resistance, and various joints involved in the movement. In conclusion, a reduction in power generation was evidenced for both simultaneous contractions of the leg extensors as well as reciprocal contractions. With reduced contributions from the knee joint during bilateral and reciprocal contractions, combined with past research demonstrating differential activation of mono-articular knee joint muscles, evidence for reduced contributions from the peripheral nervous system are suggested based on the results of this study.     

Resultant muscle torque and electromyographic activity during high intensity elastic resistance and free weight exercises

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare Resultant Muscle Torque (RMT) and muscle activation (EMG) pattern, during resistance exercise comprising eight repetitions maximum (8 RM) biceps curl with elastic resistance and free weight exercise. Sixteen male and female recreationally active subjects completed 8 RM biceps curl by each of three modalities of resistance exercise: (i) dumbbell (DB), (ii) elastic tubing with original un-stretched length at the commencement of contraction (E0), and (iii) elastic tubing with 30% decrement of original length (E30) at the commencement of contraction. The magnitude of muscle activation, external force, acceleration as well as range of motion (ROM) were quantified and synchronised by specific software. The data were collected from all eight repetitions but the first (initial), the fifth (middle) and the eighth (last) repetitions were selected for further data analysis. Each selected repetition was partitioned into a concentric and eccentric phase and then each phase was further divided into three equal segments (3 concentric and 3 eccentric = 6 segments per repetition). The EMG and RMT data demonstrated a bell-shaped muscle activation and muscle torque production pattern for the three modes of exercise. The E30 resulted in 15.40% and 14.89% higher total EMG (µV) as well as 36.85% and 17.71% higher RMT (N · m) than E0 and DB, respectively (all P <0.05). These findings support the contention that an elastic resistance device (E30) has the capacity to provide an appropriate high resistance stimulus to meet the training requirement of elite athletes.     

A comparison of muscle activity and 1-RM strength of three chest-press exercises with different stability requirements

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare one-repetition maximum (1-RM) and muscle activity in three chest-press exercises with different stability requirements (Smith machine, barbell, and dumbbells). Twelve healthy, resistance-trained males (age 22.7 ± 1.7 years, body mass 78.6 ± 7.6 kg, stature 1.80 ± 0.06 m) were tested for 1-RM of the three chest-press exercises in counterbalanced order with 3–5 days of rest between the exercises. One-repetition maximum and electromyographic activity of the pectoralis major, deltoid anterior, biceps, and triceps brachii were recorded in the exercises. The dumbbell load was 14% less than that for the Smith machine (P ≤ 0.001, effect size [ES] = 1.05) and 17% less than that for the barbell (P ≤ 0.001, ES = 1.11). The barbell load was ～3% higher than that for the Smith machine (P = 0.016, ES = 0.18). Electrical activity in the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid did not differ during the lifts. Electrical activity in the biceps brachii increased with stability requirements (i.e. Smith machine <barbell <dumbbells; P ≤ 0.005; ES = 0.57, 1.46, and 2.00, respectively), while triceps brachii activity was reduced using dumbbells versus barbell (P = 0.007, ES = 0.73) and dumbbells versus Smith machine (P = 0.003, ES = 0.62). In conclusion, high stability requirements in the chest press (dumbbells) result in similar (pectoralis major and anterior deltoid), lower (triceps brachii) or higher (biceps brachii) muscle activity. These findings have implications for athletic training and rehabilitation.     

勾股逆定理的推广

用导数方法对勾股逆定理进行了推广，得到了如下结果：在△ABC中，若△a~x＋b~x＝c~x，其中x∈R－［0，1」，则1）当x∈（－∞，0）∪（1，2］时，Cmax＝；2）当x∈［2，＋∞）时，Cmin＝．此外，给出了上述结果的两个推论及其应用．     

最优停止规则在多种选择中的应用

众所周知,在n种物品中选择k种优秀物品是常发生的事。问题是按怎样的选择方式才能使选到的优秀物品的可能性最大。本文应用最优停时定理给出了在n种物品中选择k种物品的一般数学模型及最优选择规则的求解方程;本文还就k等于2给出了最优规则τ_1~α,n及按此规则进行选择所能得到的概率P~2——在n种物品中选择2种优秀物品的最大概率。     

太阳电池发电系统的最佳功率流控制

本文提出一种实现太阳电池输出最大功率的跟踪控制方法,给出实验结果,证实这一控制方法的可行性和有效性。文中还讨论了太阳电池发电系统最佳功率流控制的实现方法以及补偿无功功率和谐波失真等问题.