儒家中庸思想之评述

中庸思想是儒家哲学的重要方法论,与仁爱思想共同构成了儒家思想体系的两大基石。本文剖析了儒家中庸方法论的真正内涵、不同时期对中庸的解析、以及中庸方法论与折中主义、调和论的三处差异。阐明了儒家中庸思想和所谓的折中主义、调和论有本质不同,实乃广大民众、社会所谋取的一种积极、正确,合乎事物发展规律的方法论思想。     

圆环液面的附加压强

应用微分几何知识导出了圆环液面的法曲率和附加压强公式.指出了某些文献中所给出的圆环液面附加压强计算公式存在的问题.     

复格拉斯曼流形G(2,5)中的调和2-球面

运用调和序列和活动标架研究复格拉斯曼流形G(2,5)中的调和2-球面.通过S²上全纯微分形式的构造, 简化G(2,5)中沿调和2-球面的活动标架,并且给出高斯曲率的上界估计.     

关于数字之和函数中的四次均值的计算

运用初等数论和组合数论等工具进行猜想、归纳和证明,解决了Smarandache F.在Only Problems,not solutions!一文中所提到的第21个未解决问题--数字之和函数的均值问题,即数字之和函数的4次均值的精确计算问题,得到了n进制数字之和函数的4次均值的精确计算公式,也为此类问题的进一步解决提供了一个较为可行的研究方法.     

A simplified MMSE-based iterative receiver for MIMO systems

A simplified minimum mean square error （MMSE） detector is proposed for joint detection and decoding of multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） systems. The matrix inversion lemma and the singular value decomposition （SVD） of the channel matrix are used to simplify the computation of the coefficient of the MMSE filter. Compared to the original MMSE detector, the proposed detector has a much lower computational complexity with only a marginal performance loss. The proposed detector can also be applied to MIMO systems with high order modulations.     

Time motion analysis of 2001 and 2002 super 12 rugby

The aim of this study was to quantify movements of Super 12 rugby players in competition because information on elite rugby players' movements is unavailable. Players were categorized into forwards [front (n = 16) and back row (n = 15)] and backs [inside (n = 9) and outside backs (n = 7)] and their movements analysed by video-based time motion analysis. Movements were classified as rest (standing, walking and jogging) and work (striding, sprinting, static exertion, jumping, lifting or tackling). The total time, number and duration of individual activities were assessed, with differences between groups evaluated using independent sample t-tests (unequal variances), while differences between halves were assessed with paired sample t-tests. Forwards had 7:47?min:s (95% confidence limits: 6:39 to 8:55?min:s, P<0.01) more time in static exertion than backs, but backs spent 0:52 (0:34 to 1:09, P = 0.01) min:s more time sprinting than forwards, and had a 0.7 (0.3 to 1.2, P = 0.01) s longer duration of each sprint. Forwards spent 7:31 (5:55 to 9:08) min:s more time in work activities (P = 0.01) and had 2.1 (1.3 to 2.8) s longer work durations (P<0.01) than backs. The results indicate frequent short duration (<4?s) work efforts followed by moderate duration (<20?s) rest for forwards, and extended (>100?s) rest duration for backs. High-intensity efforts involved static exertion for forwards (mean?±?standard deviation frequency = 80?±?17) and sprinting for backs (27?±?9). In conclusion, after nearly a decade since becoming professional, elite rugby union is still characterized by highly intense, intermittent movement patterns and marked differences in the competition demands of forwards and backs.     

New Books Briefly Noted

Abstract

Little research has investigated the observational learning process from a developmental perspective. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research by considering two factors: performance versus learning and sequencing versus form scores. Children 'N = 60) comprising two age groups (5-0 to 6-11 and 8-0 to 9-11 years) were randomly assigned to verbal rehearsal only, model only, or model plus verbal rehearsal conditions. The task was a 6 part motor skill sequence in which proper sequencing and quality of form were assessed. A 2 × 3 × 4 (age group by model type by trial blocks) repeated measures MANOVA revealed a significant three-way interaction. Older children performed equally well under any of the model type conditions during both performance and learning. For younger children, a model plus rehearsal was superior to rehearsal only on sequence and form at performance and learning and superior to model only on sequence scores during the first two performance trial blocks. Model only and model plus rehearsal conditions were equally effective on form scores. These results suggest that age differences exist in the modeling of motor skills under conditions varying in model type, sequence and form scores, and performance and learning phases.     

A Cross-Cultural Validation of Perceived Locus of Causality Scale in Physical Education Context

We examined the validity of the factor structure and invariance of the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) scale instrument scores across two nations endorsing collectivist (Singapore) and individualist (Great Britain) cultural values. Results indicated that confirmatory factor analytic models of the PLOC exhibited adequate ft according to multiple criteria within each sample and across samples. There was invariance in the item-intercepts across the two cultures. In addition, the simplex-like pattern of relations among the PLOC constructs was confirmed within cultures and in invariance analyses. Finally, latent factor means analysis revealed that the British participants tended to rate less self-determined forms of motivation lower than and more self-determined forms of motivation higher than the Singaporean participants.     

A Tutorial on Centering in Cross-Sectional Two-Level Models

The primary purpose of this tutorial is to succinctly review some options for, and consequences of, centering Level 1 predictors in commonly applied cross-sectional two-level models. It is geared toward both practitioners and researchers. A general understanding of multilevel modeling is necessary prior to understanding the subtleties of centering decisions. A review of some high-quality journals within the broad discipline of exercise science provides evidence that multilevel modeling is used relatively infrequently in this field. Therefore, a secondary purpose is to introduce Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science readers to some core facets of multilevel modeling within the framework of this tutorial. A relevant dataset is used to demonstrate potential consequences of different centering decisions within a multilevel model. Depending on the model and the data, different centering decisions can exert non-trivial influence on the meaning of some model parameters, results from fitting the model, and subsequent conclusions.