基于行业需求的《土木工程材料》课程教学改革探索

基于建筑行业对土木工程材料知识体系的需求和传统教学之间的冲突，加强行业需求调研、实现动态教学，改革课堂教学，革新考核制度，实施满足行业需求的应用能力教学，是提高教学效率、促进高智能型土木工程人才成长的有效途径．     

语言中的注意系统

从注意规律与表达结构、注意的分配与表意的机制以及注意的优先顺序与意义的理解机制等三个方面讨论了注意的心理规律在语言系统中的体现,指出注意是一种对认知对象做出价值评判的心理过程,对于语言的产生和理解发挥着重要的作用。     

Attentional Demands on Motor-Respiratory Coordination

Athletic performance requires the pacing of breathing with exercise, known as motor-respiratory coordination (MRC). In this study, we added cognitive and physical constraints while participants intentionally controlled their breathing locations during rhythmic arm movement. This is the first study to examine a cognitive constraint on MRC. Cognitive constraints included either instruction (Experiments 1 and 2) or signal detection (Experiment 1). Physical constraints were nonoptimal movement frequencies (Experiment 2). Instruction shifted breathing locations and both shifted and increased variability in the number of movements produced per breath (frequency ratio). Signal detection had no effect on MRC. Fast movement frequency resulted in higher, more variable frequency ratios. Cognitive and physical constraints can generate unnatural and variable breathing during athletic performance.     

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: as prevalent as autism?

An examination of the literature on Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and its relevance to the work of Educational Psychologists (EPs) suggested that the impact of FASD on EPs’ casework is an area which has been underexplored, and which merits further attention. A search of major electronic databases was conducted online; however no articles were found which specifically examined the role of the EP in connection with FASD. This is surprising as international research suggests that prevalence of FASD is as high as 1%, which implies that all schools are already dealing with the significant effects of FASD. It is suggested that EPs are well-placed to help schools clarify and meet the needs of children with FASD. Early identification may help reduce the risk of secondary disabilities and improve life outcomes for this group.     

The Character of Learning

In this paper I propose a contrast between learning as the acquisition of theories and learning as the development of insight. I then suggest that, in a great many cases, the cognitive achievement by which we come to organise behaviour rationally is the development of insight, where this is independent of the acquisition of knowledge regimented in theories. The distinction is between a model in which a subject rationalises behaviour by appeal to knowledge of particulars rather than general theoretical knowledge. By ‘insight’ I mean a capacity for cognitive states with a singular content by which the subject fits, or couples with, the environment. This is achieved by attention. The contrast is between two answers to the question, ‘What is it to act rationally in the light of learning?’. One answer is to see the learning that shapes rational behaviour as grasp of the theories that articulate the conceptual patterns of word use and the patterns of that word use that figure in the giving and taking of reasons for what we do. My preferred answer is that the character of learning is the subject with capacities for attention that shape the patterns of concepts and of the things we trade as reasons. The subject with attentional capacities that couple them to the world is a subject who is a responsible author of the patterns of concept use and thereby what counts as acceptable reasons for acting.     

PART V: PSYCHOLOGY

Vividness and controllability of relaxing and energizing imagery by efficient and less efficient imagers.     

Perceived distributed effort in team ball sports

Abstract

In this study, we explored the multifaceted concept of perceived mental and physical effort in team sport contexts where athletes must invest individual and shared efforts to reach a common goal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 15 Catalan professional coaches (3 women and 12 men, 3 each from the following sports: volleyball, basketball, handball, soccer, and water polo) to gain their views of three perceived effort-related dimensions: physical, psychological, and tactical. From a theoretical thematic analysis, it was found that the perception of effort is closely related to how effort is distributed within the team. Moreover, coaches viewed physical effort in relation to the frequency and intensity of the players’ involvement in the game. They identified psychological effort in situations where players pay attention to proper cues, and manage emotions under difficult circumstances. Tactical effort addressed the decision-making process of players and how they fulfilled their roles while taking into account the actions of their teammates and opponents. Based on these findings, a model of perceived distributed effort was developed, which delineates the elements that compose each of the aforementioned dimensions. Implications of perceived distributed effort in team coordination and shared mental models are discussed.     

The influence of exercise and physical fitness status on attention: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

Background: Exercise helps many aspects of cognition, but at this time no review has summarized the literature on the association of exercise and physical fitness with attention. Method: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases. After inclusion criteria assessment, a final pool of 44 articles was included. A number of behavioral and neurophysiological indices of attention were examined. Results: The majority of studies showed an increase in performance of attention. Acute exercise results in greater enhancement of attention in those who are active. There was an association of aerobic fitness and attention in the young and old, but not in young adults. Aerobic exercise training interventions generally resulted in positive changes, while some resistance training studies detected no evidence of an effect. Not all forms of exercise were effective. Shorter interventions were inferior with respect to longer ones. Most studies were rated with a moderate methodological quality. Conclusion: There is an association of aerobic exercise (acute and chronic) and aerobic fitness with attention. Future research should determine the dose and mechanisms by which different forms of physical activity and exercise may influence the development of different components of attention along the lifespan.     

聊城大学运动训练专业学生在教学实习中存在的问题及建议

通过文献资料法和问卷调查法,对运动训练专业学生在实习中存在的问题进行分析。发现准备工作不充分,学生不重视等导致实习效果不明显。本人对此作了以下研究,本文旨在找出存在的问题,并加以分析,以期进一步提高聊城大学运动训练专业学生的实习效果。     

地理课堂之扩大关注域达成课堂公平

教师应该致力于课堂的公平建设,课堂是学生接受知识的主要平台,公平的关注度有利于班级水平的整体提高,易形成良好的学习氛围,配合教师授课,起到教学相长的作用。本文主要研讨初中地理课堂上如何通过扩大关注域实现课堂公平。