治学琐谈（上）

进行史学研究必须以历史唯物主义理论的指南：掌握考证的必要研究手段;恰当处理微观研究与宏观研究的关系;认真做好史料卡片;充分认识史学领域知识更新的特点。     

Active learning: A small group histology laboratory exercise in a whole class setting utilizing virtual slides and peer education

Histology laboratory instruction is moving away from the sole use of the traditional combination of light microscopes and glass slides in favor of virtual microscopy and virtual slides. At the same time, medical curricula are changing so as to reduce scheduled time for basic science instruction as well as focusing on student‐centered learning approaches such as small group active learning and peer‐instruction. It is important that medical schools resist the temptation to respond to this conjunction of events by turning histology into a self‐study activity. This article describes a lymphoid histology laboratory exercise, occurring in a specially equipped Learning Studio housing an entire medical class that utilizes virtual slides in the context of small group active learning and peer instruction. Anat Sci Educ © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.     

Evaluation of usage of virtual microscopy for the study of histology in the medical,dental, and veterinary undergraduate programs of a UK University

This article describes the introduction of a virtual microscope (VM) that has allowed preclinical histology teaching to be fashioned to better suit the needs of approximately 900 undergraduate students per year studying medicine, dentistry, or veterinary science at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom. Features of the VM implementation include: (1) the facility for students and teachers to make annotations on the digital slides; (2) in‐house development of VM‐based quizzes that are used for both formative and summative assessments; (3) archiving of teaching materials generated each year, enabling students to access their personalized learning resources throughout their programs; and (4) retention of light microscopy capability alongside the VM. Student feedback on the VM is particularly positive about its ease of use, the value of the annotation tool, the quizzes, and the accessibility of all components off‐campus. Analysis of login data indicates considerable, although variable, use of the VM by students outside timetabled teaching. The median number of annual logins per student account for every course exceeded the number of timetabled histology classes for that course (1.6–3.5 times). The total number of annual student logins across all cohorts increased from approximately 9,000 in the year 2007–2008 to 22,000 in the year 2010–2011. The implementation of the VM has improved teaching and learning in practical classes within the histology laboratory and facilitated consolidation and revision of material outside the laboratory. Discussion is provided of some novel strategies that capitalize on the benefits of introducing a VM, as well as strategies adopted to overcome some potential challenges. Anat Sci Educ 7: 389–398. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

Developing an audiovisual notebook as a self‐learning tool in histology: Perceptions of teachers and students

Videos can be used as didactic tools for self‐learning under several circumstances, including those cases in which students are responsible for the development of this resource as an audiovisual notebook. We compared students' and teachers' perceptions regarding the main features that an audiovisual notebook should include. Four questionnaires with items about information, images, text and music, and filmmaking were used to investigate students' (n = 115) and teachers' perceptions (n = 28) regarding the development of a video focused on a histological technique. The results show that both students and teachers significantly prioritize informative components, images and filmmaking more than text and music. The scores were significantly higher for teachers than for students for all four components analyzed. The highest scores were given to items related to practical and medically oriented elements, and the lowest values were given to theoretical and complementary elements. For most items, there were no differences between genders. A strong positive correlation was found between the scores given to each item by teachers and students. These results show that both students' and teachers' perceptions tend to coincide for most items, and suggest that audiovisual notebooks developed by students would emphasize the same items as those perceived by teachers to be the most relevant. Further, these findings suggest that the use of video as an audiovisual learning notebook would not only preserve the curricular objectives but would also offer the advantages of self‐learning processes. Anat Sci Educ 7: 209–218. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

基于垂直扫描显微干涉技术的高精度轮廓仪

A profilometer used for 3 dimension measurement of micro-surface topography is presented. The instrument is based on the vertical scanning microscopic interferometry （VSMI）. A Linnik type interference microscope is used and the interferograms which present changes of surface profile are recorded with a CCD camera. A developed nano-positioning work stage with an integrated optical grating displacement measuring system realizes the precise vertical scanning motion during profile measurement. By a white-light phase shifting algorithm of arbitrary step, frames of interferograms are processed by a computer to rebuild and evaluate the measured profile. Because of the specialty of VSMI, the profilometer is suitable for both smooth and rough surface measurement. It can also be used to measure curved surfaces, dimension of micro electro mechanical systems （MEMS）, etc. The vertical resolution of the profilometer is 0.5 nm, and lateral resolution 0.5 μm.     

Key to Freshwater Algae: A Web-based Tool to Enhance Understanding of Microscopic Biodiversity

The Freshwater Ecology Laboratory at Connecticut College has developed an interactive, Web-based identification key to freshwater algal genera using the Lucid Professional and Lucid 3 software developed by the Centre for Biological Information Technology at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. The Key to Freshwater Algae was funded by the National Science Foundation (Award #CCLI-0229531) to encourage awareness of microscopic diversity through a creative, investigative approach to learning. Users may answer questions in any order to quickly and efficiently narrow down the list of taxa to only those that match the characteristics they have chosen. All characters and terms are clearly explained for ease of use by those unfamiliar with the algae. This non-hierarchical, user-friendly key is linked to Web pages containing a wealth of resources, including images, movies, and information about the morphology, ecology, and reproduction of each organism. These materials are especially well suited for classroom use in conjunction with cultures purchased from the Carolina Biological Supply Company, a popular distributor of biological materials. Cultures from the Carolina Biological Supply Company representing nearly 75 freshwater genera from a variety of algal groups were observed and photographed using high resolution digital imaging to fully document cellular structure and highlight distinguishing features. High quality video footage of each taxon incorporating titles, diagrams, and structural terminology was outputted as QuickTime movies, on DVD, and on VHS cassettes. The Key to Freshwater Algae and supplemental materials are available online at http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu to provide an innovative alternative to traditional dichotomous keys that is particularly appropriate for introducing students in undergraduate life science courses to the algal groups and genera.     

中药传统技能大赛背景下《中药鉴定学》课程培训教学改革心得

中药传统技能大赛的中药性状与真伪鉴别、中药显微鉴别竞赛内容均涉及《中药鉴定学》专业知识,对课程的教学提出了新的挑战。为了满足市场对中药学人才的不断提升的知识需求,浅谈针对中药传统技能大赛《中药鉴定学》课程培训的心得。     

Understanding the dynamic and microscopic traits of typical Ethereum accounts

As the most ecologically active cryptocurrency platform, Ethereum has attracted the attention of many researchers. Leveraging its fully public transaction data, most existing analysis models all account interactions as a network and explores it from a static and global perspective. However, their work ignored the investigation of dynamic and microscopic features of accounts. Therefore, we conduct the first work about these features of different kinds of accounts on Ethereum. We select six account types on Ethereum, including exchanges, phishing, etc. Then we characterize and compare the dynamics of their transactions. Next, we construct a transaction ego network for each account, and investigate the network features from the perspective of microscopic structure. Experimental results show that different kinds of accounts have their own traits in terms of transaction features and properties of ego networks, which greatly contributes to understanding their roles. Additionally, there are obvious differences between normal accounts and illegal accounts in some characteristics such as transaction neighbors and interaction patterns. Moreover, we observe that criminal gangs may be participating in phishing scams. Finally, based on the conclusions of the account analysis, we design a variety of account features and use them for the account classification task. The experimental results prove that the dynamic and microscopic features we proposed are beneficial to distinguish different types of accounts. We believe our research can provide reference value for account classification tasks in Ethereum and other blockchains.     

宏大叙事与微观论证——武术口述史的理论与实践研究

宏大叙事是传统史学的写法,关注的是宏观,而有意无意地忽略了微观个体对历史的解读。口述史则注重从个体的视角出发去认识历史,可以起到补充和匡正的作用。武术史的研究也同样存在这样的问题,所以武术口述史的理论和实践研究就尤为迫切,特别是完整经历过传统武术熏陶的老人大多已进入晚年,对他们的口述进行研究,使之成为信史,就成为非常有意义也非常紧迫的任务。文章对武术口述史的特点、作用、类别进行了论述,并举例说明,以资借鉴。     

物联网三元空间域中传播动力学的形成与演化机制

基于物联网环境下"人(H)-机(M)-物(T)"3类主体所对应的{用户需求域,信息空间域,物理空间域}的三元体系架构,以及贯穿其间的{控制流,数据流,感知流}的动态交互模式,按照"模式构建—决策分析—形态推演"逐层递进的分析思路提出物联网三元空间域的传播动力学模型,从而定量刻画三元网络空间中传播行为的发生发展过程以及由此形成的系统演化状态;最后基于物联传播的模拟仿真环境,对其传播动力学特性进行算例分析。实验研究结果符合预期,验证了传播决策模型的合理性。