Design for learning: Adapting the microscopic anatomy laboratory to adult learners

Medical school curricula are undergoing transformational change in response to calls for integrating content across courses and years to enable better retention and application and for individualizing learning to meet the diverse backgrounds and thus differing needs of students. To address the related teaching challenges, faculty can employ solid principles of adult learning and instructional design and use teaching strategies that stimulate different learning styles. We developed laboratory sessions that follow a learner‐centered instructional design model we refer to as “PLHET,” reflecting the steps of preparing, linking, hooking, engaging, and transferring learning, and also applied teaching strategies that reflect Kolb's four styles of learning (accommodative, divergent, assimilative, and convergent). We utilized a group learning format to promote active learning, teamwork, and self‐direction. Preliminary data based on student surveys of laboratory activity show positive responses. In the future, we will test the hypothesis that this design will improve medical students' performance. Anat Sci Educ © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

The development and assessment of an online microscopic anatomy laboratory course

Increasing enrollment in post‐secondary institutions across North America, along with an increase in popularity of and demand for distance education is pressuring institutions to offer a greater number and variety of courses online. A fully online laboratory course in microscopic anatomy (histology) which can be taught simultaneously with a face‐to‐face (F2F) version of the same course has been developed. This full year course was offered in the Fall/Winter (FW) terms in both F2F and online formats. To ensure that the online course was of the same quality as the F2F format, a number of performance indicators were evaluated. The same course, offered exclusively online during the summer with a compressed time frame, was also evaluated. Senior undergraduate students self‐selected which version of the course they would enroll in. Course assessment outcomes were compared while incoming grades were used as a predictor for course performance. There were no significant differences between the incoming grades for the F2F FW and Online FW courses; similarly, there were no significant differences between outcomes for these formats. There were significant differences between the incoming grades of the F2F FW and Summer Online students. However, there were no significant differences among any of the outcomes for any of the formats offered. Incoming grades were strong, significant predictors of course performance for both formats. These results indicate that an online laboratory course in microscopic anatomy is an effective format for delivering histology course content, therefore giving students greater options for course selections. Anat Sci Educ 6: 246–256. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.     

试析影响国家战略情报分析的因素

国家战略情报分析是国家情报机构的核心工作，战略情报研判的正误，直接关系着国家决策的成功与失败。国家战略情报分析无法摆脱来自决策机制的宏观环境影响，同时也深受战略情报分析人员个体微观因素的影响。     

我国国债运行影响货币供给：理论诠释与实证研究

现代市场经济条件下,国债运行往往影响货币供给,进而影响货币政策的制定与实施。通过理论与实证分析,国债市场运行过程会对货币供给产生显著影响,但受市场微观结构和宏观经济环境影响,国债运行应有的货币供给效应在我国没有得到充分体现。为增进我国货币政策的有效性,就必须进一步完善国债运行机制,提高宏观经济调控水平。     

Climbing Bloom's taxonomy pyramid: Lessons from a graduate histology course

Bloom's taxonomy was adopted to create a subject‐specific scoring tool for histology multiple‐choice questions (MCQs). This Bloom's Taxonomy Histology Tool (BTHT) was used to analyze teacher‐ and student‐generated quiz and examination questions from a graduate level histology course. Multiple‐choice questions using histological images were generally assigned a higher BTHT level than simple text questions. The type of microscopy technique (light or electron microscopy) used for these image‐based questions did not result in any significant differences in their Bloom's taxonomy scores. The BTHT levels for teacher‐generated MCQs correlated positively with higher discrimination indices and inversely with the percent of students answering these questions correctly (difficulty index), suggesting that higher‐level Bloom's taxonomy questions differentiate well between higher‐ and lower‐performing students. When examining BTHT scores for MCQs that were written by students in a Multiple‐Choice Item Development Assignment (MCIDA) there was no significant correlation between these scores and the students' ability to answer teacher‐generated MCQs. This suggests that the ability to answer histology MCQs relies on a different skill set than the aptitude to construct higher‐level Bloom's taxonomy questions. However, students significantly improved their average BTHT scores from the midterm to the final MCIDA task, which indicates that practice, experience and feedback increased their MCQ writing proficiency. Anat Sci Educ 10: 456–464. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.     

论显微构造地质学的解析性研究与教学

本文在解析构造学纲要的指导下,结合笔者在显微构造地质学领域的教学与研究实践,剖析了显微构造鉴定所能解决的解析构造学的科学问题,认为对于“构造的分期性和阶段性”、“表壳构造与深层次构造”等问题可发挥重要作用。教学体系方面,显微构造鉴定应分为光学显微构造地质学教学和电子显微构造地质学教学两个体系。结合实践提出了光学显微鉴定的循序渐进的实用训练方法。     

Using color and grayscale images to teach histology to color‐deficient medical students

Examination of histologic and histopathologic microscopic sections relies upon differential colors provided by staining techniques, such as hematoxylin and eosin, to delineate normal tissue components and to identify pathologic alterations in these components. Given the prevalence of color deficiency (commonly called “color blindness”) in the general population, it is likely that this reliance upon color differentiation poses a significant obstacle for several medical students beginning a course of study that includes examination of histologic slides. In the past, first‐year medical students at Michigan State University who identified themselves as color deficient were encouraged to use color transparency overlays or tinted contact lenses to filter out problematic colors. Recently, however, we have offered such students a computer monitor adjusted to grayscale for in‐lab work, as well as grayscale copies of color photomicrographs for examination purposes. Grayscale images emphasize the texture of tissues and the contrasts between tissues as the students learn histologic architecture. Using this approach, color‐deficient students have quickly learned to compensate for their deficiency by focusing on cell and tissue structure rather than on color variation. Based upon our experience with color‐deficient students, we believe that grayscale photomicrographs may also prove instructional for students with normal (trichromatic) color vision, by encouraging them to consider structural characteristics of cells and tissues that may otherwise be overshadowed by stain colors. Anat Sci Ed 2:84–88, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.     

辛芳鼻炎胶囊中非法添加化学药品的快速检验

采用显微鉴别法快速区别辛芳鼻炎胶囊的真伪,并快速排除中药制剂芳香鼻炎胶囊中非法添加化学药品氯雷他定。方法采用显微鉴别法结合TLC和HPLC法快速鉴别。结果该方法简单、快速且成本极低,稳定性和重现性好。结论本方法简便、快速,适合用于中药制剂非法添加化学药品的快速检测。     

复杂网络研究进展

复杂网络的研究对于理解复杂系统的结构和行为至关重要.自从1999年Barabási和Albert发现真实网络的无标度性质以来,有关真实网络中各种宏观性质的微观生成机制、网络的演化规律等一系列问题的研究成为目前科学家广泛关注的热点.以网络度分布的微观生成机制为中心,介绍其中的研究进展.