论习语语义形成过程中的隐喻理据--从"面部"说起

体验主义认为,语言源于人们的生活体验,语言中的词汇通过隐喻的影射作用,获得新的语义。从身体的基本部位之一———"面孔"入手,运用认知语言学理论,结合实证的研究方法,可以证明自然语言中的大部分习语和普通词汇一样,其抽象语义也是通过隐喻的影射作用而获得的;在不同语言的习语中,隐喻在很大程度上具有共性。     

儿童:特殊的文学接受群体

儿童作为一个特殊的文学接受群体，呈现着不同于成人的文学接受特点。个体阅读需要、作品吸引力和成人引导是促成儿童主动的或被动的阅读动机。在阅读兴趣选择上儿童表现出明显的渐变性和群体差异性。形象思维是儿童文学接受的主要思维形式。以直接印象介入作品，从故事层面感知而不以理性去判断作品是儿童文学接受中的主要特点。与成人相比，儿童阅读活动还明显带有感性冲动性，即情感性。     

大学生亚健康心理及其根源探索——从大学心理门诊看中学教育的某些缺失

大学生亚健康心理状态表现在灰色心理、学习焦虑、情爱挫折心理、人际交往弱势、过敏性认知反应等方面。大学生的亚健康心理问题的产生,不仅来自于大学校园生活和教育,更与中学教育中存在某种片面性密切相关。     

The different faces of controlling teaching: implications of a distinction between externally and internally controlling teaching for students’ motivation in physical education

Background: In Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a well-validated macro-theory on human motivation, a distinction is made between internally controlling teaching practices (e.g. guilt-induction and shaming) and externally controlling practices (e.g. threats and punishments, commands). While both practices are said to undermine students’ motivation, they would do so through somewhat differential motivational processes. Unfortunately, the relevance of the conceptual distinction between internally and externally controlling strategies has not been examined systematically. In the context of sport and physical education (PE), most studies on controlling teaching have either measured controlling teaching in an undifferentiated way or have focused on one particular feature of controlling teaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a more fine-grained picture on the differential de-motivational effects of internally and externally controlling teaching strategies in the domain of PE.

Participants: A total of 925 students with an average age of 15.80 years (±1.99) coming out of 92 classes taught by 22 different PE teachers participated in the present study.

Data analysis: Data on perceived controlling teaching style and students’ motivation were analyzed within a multilevel framework from both a variable-centered (regression analyses) and person-centered approach (cluster analyses).

Results: We found evidence for a distinction between perceived internally and externally controlling teaching. Both teaching styles were strongly related to each other (r?=?.54). At the level of zero-order correlations, both internally and externally controlling teaching related negatively to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation and related positively to introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. However, when both teaching styles were included simultaneously as predictors of motivation in the regression analyses, only internally controlling teaching predicted poor quality and low quantity of motivation. A cluster analysis revealed different profiles of perceived controlling teaching style, with two profiles being characterized by either high or low levels of the two types of controlling teaching and other profiles displaying elevated or reduced levels of one of the types of controlling teaching. This person-centered analysis confirmed that particularly students who perceive their PE teacher as internally controlling are likely to report poor-quality motivation.

Conclusion: Controlling teaching (and internally controlling teaching in particular) is related to maladaptive motivational outcomes. As such, it can be advised to PE-practitioners to refrain from using controlling strategies when teaching students. More research is needed to identify the conditions under which teachers’ behavior is perceived as externally and/or internally controlling.     

科学与人文并重 和谐与发展双赢——对当代大学生人文素质缺失的反思

随着科学技术的快速发展,社会对人才既要求具有科技知识和技能,又要求有人文素养。然而,受市场经济负面效应的影响,现在许多大学生只重实用科技课程,轻人文社科知识;重物质利益,轻人文关怀。这种科技与人文两种文化的不平衡,导致了人与人、人与社会、人与自然之间的关系的不和谐。为此,高等院校应切实承担起培养和造就一代既懂科技,又富有人文素质的全面发展的合格人才。     

Development and validation of the Perceived Game-Specific Soccer Competence Scale

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to create a valid, self-reported, game-specific soccer competence scale. A structural model of perceived competence, performance measures and motivation was tested as the basis for the scale. A total of 1321 soccer players (261 females, 1060 males) ranging from 12 to 15 years (13.4 ± 1.0 years) participated in the study. They completed the Perceived Game-Specific Soccer Competence Scale (PGSSCS), self-assessments of tactical skills and motivation, as well as technical and speed and agility tests. Results of factor analyses, tests of internal consistency and correlations between PGSSCS subscales, performance measures and motivation supported the reliability and validity of the PGSSCS. The scale can be considered a suitable instrument to assess perceived game-specific competence among young soccer players.     

Development of perceived competence,tactical skills,motivation, technical skills,and speed and agility in young soccer players

ABSTRACT

The objective of this 1-year, longitudinal study was to examine the development of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics of young Finnish soccer players. We also examined associations between latent growth models of perceived competence and other recorded variables. Participants were 288 competitive male soccer players ranging from 12 to 14 years (12.7 ± 0.6) from 16 soccer clubs. Players completed the self-assessments of perceived competence, tactical skills, and motivation, and participated in technical, and speed and agility tests. Results of this study showed that players’ levels of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and agility characteristics remained relatively high and stable across the period of 1 year. Positive relationships were found between these levels and changes in perceived competence and motivation, and levels of perceived competence and speed and agility characteristics. Together these results illustrate the multi-dimensional nature of talent development processes in soccer. Moreover, it seems crucial in coaching to support the development of perceived competence and motivation in young soccer players and that it might be even more important in later maturing players.     

中国基础研究类高层次科技人才流动特征分析 ——以环境领域为例

探寻我国基础研究类科技人才,尤其是高层次科技人才的流动特征和规律,对于制定我国基础研究类科技 人才发现、培养和发展的政策具有重要意义。本文以环境领域国家杰出青年科学基金获得者为研究对象,对中国该领 域基础研究类高层次科技人才的机构流动和国别流动特征进行分析。基于马斯洛需求理论,进一步对不同动机产生的 人才流动所对应的年龄分布进行探讨,为我国基础研究类高层次科技人才的政策制定提供参考和借鉴。     

Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation: An Approach/Avoidance Reformulation

The main purpose of this article is to advance an alternative perspective on the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and in particular to examine critically the assertion that these processes are antagonistic such that the will to learn for its own sake is inhibited by the presence of extrinsic, tangible rewards and incentives such as school grades. The presumption of an antagonistic relationship largely depends on the theoretical perspective adopted. An alternative interpretation based on need achievement theory leads to distinctly different conclusions. Exploring this new perspective allows one to identify both the conditions under which intrinsic motives may coexist with extrinsic motives as well as to consider some of the means by which intrinsic motives and caring about learning can be stimulated in their own right in school settings.     

由“河堤决口了,洪水冲过来了”说开去

复句中的语义关系既是事物之间客观联系的反映,又是人们主观视角的反映。在事物之间的客观联系保持固定的情况下,人们的主观视角会随着认知需求的变化而变化。表现在复句中,则是适时添加复句关系词。并列范畴转化为因果范畴是人的特定视角的转化,这需要一定的客观条件,同时又必须有一定的认知作为前提。