我国科技事业中性别比例失衡问题透析

2007年3月7日《我国女性从事科技工作现状研究报告》的发布,使科技界性别比例严重失衡的问题凸显出来。"女性主义"者强烈主张,女性应该在科技界尤其是高层科技群体内实现比例的均衡。但这种主张是建立在狭隘的女性主义基础上的,且存在权利主张主体与受益人错位等认识上的问题。事实上,女性在科技事业中的比例失衡主要是由女性的价值定位、家庭以及科研活动的特点决定的,理性地正视这些问题并采取相应措施才是解决问题的最佳方式。     

“基于科学的企业”主导逻辑研究——以同方威视为例

本文采用探索性单案例研究的方法,从认知视角对中国情境下高校/研究机构衍生出来的“基于科学的企业”的创新发展主导逻辑进行了深入的研究和分析,研究发现,这类企业存在双主导逻辑并存的现象,分别为“需求归因”和“技术机会归因”逻辑,并且虽然在不同的阶段两种主导逻辑一以贯之,但企业对于两种主导逻辑的侧重即两种主导逻辑对企业的影响程度及方式是不断动态演化的。本研究还进一步探讨了双主导逻辑对“基于科学的企业”自有的不确定性风险的影响、双主导逻辑的演化路径以及对“基于科学的企业”参与和利用基础科学研究的影响以及其对中国情境下“基于科学的企业”相关研究具有的管理启示。     

中国土壤微生物组:进展与展望

文章分析了国际土壤微生物组的研究现状和发展趋势,阐述了土壤微生物组研究的前沿科学问题,综述了中国土壤微生物组的主要科研进展,提出了中国土壤微生物组研究的机遇和挑战,探讨了土壤-微生物系统功能及其调控所需的主要技术手段与能力建设,期望通过"土壤-微生物系统功能及其调控"中科院战略性先导科技专项研究,为深度发掘土壤微生物组资源,定向调控土壤微生物组功能,解决我国经济社会发展面临的生态环境、农业生产及资源瓶颈等问题起到应有的贡献。     

交通可达性反贫困作用的空间分异分析——以福建省为例

交通基础设施与区域贫困之间的空间关系研究是实施乡村振兴战略的基础。以福建省为例,利用加权平均旅行时间表征县域水平交通可达性,通过生计五边形法计算县域水平多维贫困指数,在此基础上,运用地理加权回归对县域交通可达性与多维贫困之间关系的空间分异特征进行探讨。结果表明：①福建省县域交通可达性从沿海到山区呈现出“分层结构、南北两级分化”的特征,总体上可达性水平不高;②各县域单维贫困水平差异大,多维贫困表现出较强的地域特征,贫困县域主要分布在闽东部与北部地区;③交通可达性与多维贫困之间既存在协同促进的关系,也存在权衡制约的关系,即交通基础建设对反贫困的作用存在空间分异特征,其中43个县域呈现交通可达性越高,反贫困作用越明显的特征;而15个县域呈现交通可达性越高,反贫困作用越弱的特征,且这些县域主要集中分布在闽北部与西部地区。本文可为提出科学的、差异化的乡村振兴战略提供科学依据,如对于存在权衡制约关系的县域,仅仅依靠交通扶贫战略无法达到预期效果,可结合单维贫困的识别实施精准扶贫。     

网络嵌入、知识惯性与双元创新能力 ——基于动态视角的评述

[目的/意义]网络嵌入和知识惯性对提升企业创新能力具有重要影响。[方法/过程]通过文献分析,针对网络嵌入及其演化特征对知识惯性的影响、知识惯性对双元创新能力的影响以及网络嵌入对双元创新能力的影响进行了系统梳理和评述。[结果/结论]总结提炼了3点结论,并在此基础上就如何充分利用网络嵌入的演化特征来调节知识惯性与双元创新能力间的关系,从动态视角提出了整合性理论框架以及进一步的研究思路与展望,不仅对深化该领域的研究具有理论与方法启示,同时对我国企业在动态网络下有效整合网络嵌入和知识惯性、提升双元创新能力具有重要现实指导意义。     

Understanding silence: an investigation of the processes of silencing in parent–teacher conferences with Somali diaspora parents in Danish public schools

This article questions the dominant understanding that immigrant and refugee parents in parent–teacher conferences are silent because they come from a culture where one does not question the authority of the teacher. Instead, it is argued that they become silent through certain interactional processes. Building on material from an explorative case study of the home–school relations of Somali diaspora families in Danish public schools, the article argues that while these parents have many opinions about their children’s education that they wish to convey, there are institutional and interactional processes in the parent–teacher conference that systematically silence their voices. The understanding of culture as a stable structure that persons are situated within in a top-down manner is thus challenged, arguing that dynamic here-and-now interactions unfolding in a specific practice result in persons becoming, rather than being, silent.     

The client company marginally utilises the knowledge of highly skilled temporary staff

This study is based on the presumption that there is often an underuse of temporary staff in client companies (CC) with highly skilled professionals. The study combines theories of the flexible organisation and a sociocultural perspective on learning within the framework of an inter-organisational context. The data are based partly on 17 transcribed, semi-structured interviews with individuals in various types of health care and social services. The data are also based on two semi-structured focus group interviews with managers responsible for hiring social workers, nurses and doctors in two different temporary work agencies (TWA) as well as semi-structured focus group interviews with eight managers from a large health care organisation. The results show that CCs only use a limited amount of the highly skilled personnel’s capacity and exclude preconditions for taking over and absorbing knowledge from temporary workers. This contradicts the idea that staffing allows temps to increase their skills and enhance their employability. In addition, both TWA and the CC pronounce an interest in and readiness for deepening the business relationships between them, but they claim the other is responsible for initiation. The results reflect information not only about temporary workers with higher education but also the new business relationship between TWA and CC in the form of combined skills and workplace validation.     

Does your approach to time matter for your learning? The role of time perspectives on engagement and achievement

Time perspectives have been found to be related to a wide range of psychological phenomena. However, in the educational context, there remains to be a lack of research on how they relate to important academic outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine how time perspectives are related to educational outcomes such as engagement, its opposite disaffection and achievement. A model positing time perspectives as antecedents, engagement and disaffection as mediators, and academic achievement as an outcome was proffered. Filipino university students were recruited to answer relevant questionnaires. Results showed that future and past-positive time perspectives were positively associated with engagement and negatively associated with disaffection. Past negative and present fatalistic time perspectives were associated with disaffection. Interestingly, present fatalistic time perspective was related to both positive (engagement) and negative (disaffection) outcomes. A cultural explanation was proposed. Moreover, engagement positively predicted academic achievement, while disaffection negatively predicted it. Implications for integrating research on individual differences in time perspectives and academic outcomes are discussed.     

儿童视角下的人文关照——读亚米契斯的《爱的教育》

《爱的教育》这部小说巧妙地借用儿童视角的叙述策略呈现了父子之爱、师生之爱、同学之爱等人间真情,并由此上升为对社会、对国家的深沉的大爱。这反映了他渴望通过教育拯救社会和对人性真善美的追求。他独特的人文关照不仅在当时,在今天也是具有深刻的现实价值的。     

两分思维方式视阈下的德福观探析

道德与幸福的关系是西方伦理学理论和实践中长期争议的话题。二者之间的复杂关系源于西方哲学史上长期存在的两分恩维方式,即将人分为感性主体与理性主体。唯有跨越两分思维方式的束缚,才能在历史实践过程中实现德福统一。