Outside school time: an examination of science achievement and non-cognitive characteristics of 15-year olds in several countries

Elementary and secondary students spend more hours outside of class than in formal school and thus have more time for interaction with everyday science. However, evidence from a large international survey, Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) (OECD 2012), found a negative relationship between number of hours attending after-school science and science assessment scores in many countries, raising questions about why. The secondary analysis of the 2006, 2009, and 2012 PISA surveys found that in most Western countries the longer students attended after-school science programs (in a typical week), the lower their PISA standardized science test score, but the higher their positive attitudes toward future science careers, interest in science, and self-confidence in science. Several potential hypotheses for this relationship are examined and rejected. Further analysis of a causal relationship between frequent attendance in after-school programs and student achievement and attitudes should clearly identify the content of the program so that the analysis could distinguish experiences closely related to regular school curricula from the informal science activities that are not. A new analysis also should include carefully designed longitudinal surveys to test the effectiveness of informal experiences on later life choices in career and study.     

关于“科学美”问题

消解人文学科的美学与自然科学边界所划定的"差异原则",是"科学美"这个老问题面临的新语境,这个新语境的特点表现为对学科中心主义的解构和反本质主义.但自然科学家关于"科学美"的论证存在理论误区和价值论错位:自然科学成果所带来的创造性愉悦与审美愉悦不可等同;而美学就其学科而言,其本身并不是美的,不是经验性实际审美的对象.美学的探求目的指向真,它带有所有理论学科共同的抽象性特点.     

影响与促动:科学思潮与"五四"小说的启蒙话语

科学知识的广泛传播以及科学救国风尚的盛行,引发了"五四"科学思潮的勃兴.当时崇尚科学的浓厚文化语境,既促发了"五四"小说家们利用民主思想对民众进行启蒙,又注重运用科学的精神与方法来达到启蒙的效用.提倡科学理性精神,以科学为武器消除民众愚昧落后的思想意识;唤其觉醒,而建立新的社会文明,是科学思潮对"五四"小说启蒙话语影响的重要体现.     

Nonscience majors learning science: A theoretical model of motivation

A theoretical model of nonscience majors' motivation to learn science was tested by surveying 369 students in a large‐enrollment college science course that satisfies a core curriculum requirement. Based on a social‐cognitive framework, motivation to learn science was conceptualized as having both cognitive and affective influences that foster science achievement. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized relationships among the variables. The students' motivation, as measured by the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ), had a strong direct influence on their achievement, as measured by their science grade point average. The students' motivation was influenced by their belief in the relevance of science to their careers. This belief was slightly stronger in women than men. Essays by the students and interviews with them provided insight into their motivation. The model suggests that instructors should strategically connect science concepts to the careers of nonscience majors through such means as case studies to increase motivation and achievement. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1088–1107, 2007     

实验教学改革的新思路—"导师制"

“导师制”人才培养方案是一种集科研和实验教学为一体的开放式实验教学。是一种以探索性为主体的主动性学习。它有利于发掘和提高大学生的综合素质,推动高校全面素质教育改革的深入。因此它十分适合于如生命科学等理科学生的人才培养。     

齐国兵学文化与《孙子兵法》

齐国大地军事家辈出,兵法著作内容宏富,孙武生长于泱泱大国的古老齐国,齐国是中国的兵学发源地,先秦的主要兵书出自齐地,孙武的兵学思想上承源远流长的齐国兵学传统流脉,深深承受于地域文明滋养,深深打上了齐文化的印痕。在中国兵学发展历史上,从姜尚到孙武再到其后的孙膑,形成了源远流长而又一脉相承的齐国兵学文化传统。     

构建课堂教学管理学的几个理论问题

从管理角度对课堂教学进行探讨的历史由来已久 ,只是未曾提升到学科认识的高度。时代的发展使教师的课堂管理职能愈来愈突现出来 ,因而构建课堂教学管理学渐趋必然。该学科不同于教学论 ,亦有别于学校管理学 ,它将以独立的学术地位和独特的结构体系展示其存在价值     

张之洞科技思想

张之洞是晚清新政改革的领袖人物,为适应中国近代社会发展和民族自强的需要,他在从事湖北地方近代化改革事业的过程中,提出了自己的科技思想。他主张破除传统观念的束缚,提倡“农工商学”;重视培养和选拔科技人才,积极发展近代化新式教育;吸收引进西方先进的农业科学技术,振兴中国传统农业。他的思想在今日中国也仍然是值得吸收借鉴的精神财富。     

试析宋末学者黄震的义理史学

黄震是南宋末年“程朱理学”代表人物之一。他以自己的理学思想作为认识历史的指导，将历史事实赋之以特别的意义，从而形成了历史发展和变化的规律性认识，即他的历史哲学。本文通过对他的历史哲学的阐述，进而总结他的史学思想的特点，即黄震的史学思想反映了宋代理学影响史学的特点，具有明显的时代特色。     

本色化叙述语言的心理蕴含

本色化叙述语言是对生活本来面貌作原色叙述的语言。它能够描述出被刻画人物的独特身份和性格及其所在环境,准确而生动地刻画人物的性格本色和活动状况,从而唤起读者的本真体验。运用本色话叙述语言来叙事,实际上是一个创作和接受的心理问题。叙述者用本色化叙述语言将自己或人物的个人认知、个人体验传达出来,力图表现生活的本真状态,实现读者与被刻画人物最近距离的接触;读者因其曾有过的相同或相近的生活体验而对叙述文本产生共鸣,唤起其最真切的本色体验,进而实现二度体验和二度阐释,达到创作的完全实现。