Adverse childhood experiences and deleterious outcomes in adulthood: A consideration of the simultaneous role of genetic and environmental influences in two independent samples from the United States

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a potent risk factor. Despite these findings, studies have also recognized the importance of considering additional sources of genetic and environmental influence that cluster within families.ObjectiveTo properly control for latent sources of genetic and within-family environmental influences and isolate the association between ACEs and the following outcomes in adulthood: physical health, depressive symptoms, educational attainment, income attainment, alcohol problems, and antisocial behavior.Participants and SettingTwo independent samples of twins and siblings from the United States: the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study (N = 862) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 3112).MethodsSibling comparison models, which control for latent sources of genetic and within-family environmental influences, were estimated to examine whether differential exposure to ACEs was associated with the examined outcomes.ResultsFamilies that experienced more adversity also experienced more deleterious outcomes. However, siblings that experienced more adversity were no more likely to experience deleterious outcomes than their co-siblings. However, greater exposure to ACEs was associated with increases in depressive symptoms (Add Health). Additional models revealed that the similarity between siblings from the same family stemmed from latent sources of within-family environmental influences not captured by traditional ACEs measures.ConclusionsConsidering genetic influences and additional latent sources of within-family influences is crucial in isolating the effects of ACEs. Currently employed ACEs measures may not adequately capture the full range of impactful sources of family-level environmental influence.     

Childhood experiences of maltreatment,reflective functioning and attachment in adolescent and young adult mothers: Effects on mother-infant interaction and emotion regulation

BackgroundMaternal childhood experiences of maltreatment affect parenting and have consequences for a child’s social-emotional development. Adolescent mothers have a higher frequency of a history of maltreatment than adult mothers. However few studies have analyzed the interactions between adolescent mothers with a history of childhood maltreatment and their infants.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to examine the effect of maternal childhood experiences of maltreatment on mother-infant emotion regulation at infant 3 months, considering both infant and mother individual emotion regulation and their mutual regulation.ParticipantsParticipants were 63 adolescent and young adult mother-infant dyads recruited at a hospital.MethodsThe mothers were administered the Adult Attachment Interview to evaluate reflective functioning and attachment and the Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse was used to evaluate maternal childhood experiences of maltreatment. Mother-infant interactions were coded with a modified version of the Infant Caregiver Engagement Phases.ResultsDyads with mothers with childhood maltreatment (vs dyads with mothers with no maltreatment) spent more time in negative emotional mutual regulation (p = .009) and less time in positive and neutral mutual emotion regulation (p = .019). Cumulative maternal childhood experiences of maltreatment were associated positively with mother and infant negative states at individual and dyadic level and with the AAI scales of Passivity and Unresolved Trauma (p < .05). The effect of cumulative maternal childhood experiences of maltreatment on mother-infant emotion regulation was direct and not mediated by maternal attachment and reflective function.ConclusionsMaternal childhood experiences of maltreatment increase the risk connected to early motherhood, affecting mother-infant emotion regulation.     

Adverse childhood experiences among Latina women and its association with mastery of stress and health

BackgroundAdverse childhood experience (ACE) and intimate partner violence (IPV) have sustained, deleterious effects on physical and mental health. Few studies have examined how to help Latina survivors of ACEs and/or IPV regain control of their health.ObjectiveTo inform interventions for this population, we examined whether mastery of stress and patient activation mediate the relationship between a history of ACE and/or IPV and mental and physical health.Participants and settingWe recruited 235 Latina women (M age = 29.6, SD = 5.75) from primary care clinics.MethodFor this cross-sectional study, we used linear regressions to examine the association between ACEs, history of IPV, and health, and the sobel’s test to determine whether patient activation and mastery of stress mediated the relationships between ACEs, IPV, and health.ResultsMost women reported at least one ACE (61.7%, n = 137) and 22.2% (n = 55) reported a history of IPV. Mastery of stress mediated the relationship between ACE and physical health (b= -3.16 p = .002) and mental health (b= -3.83, p < .001). Mastery of stress also mediated the relationship between history of IPV and physical health (b= -2.62, p = .008) and mental health (b= -2.74, p = .006). Patient activation was not associated with a history of trauma or mental health.ConclusionWhile past experiences of trauma cannot be changed, results from this study suggest that improving an individual’s mastery of stress may be a point of intervention for improving mental and physical health among survivors of ACEs and IPV.     

从“工作过程知识”的内涵与习得途径理解“工作过程”

从工作过程知识的内涵和获得途径来理解工作过程有四个维度。一是从多位现场专家对典型工作任务的描述中提取出来的,强调客观要素的物化的工作程序,提供知识与技能训练的选择依据;二是强调工作人员主观影响的人性化的＂工作行动程序＂,学生从中取得工作经验;三是从具体的、个性化的工作行动过程中抽象出来的＂工作策略过程＂,即BIBB的六阶段模型,学生可以将经验上升为工作策略;四是＂从门外汉到专家＂的职业能力成长过程,契合了从知识＋技能,到经验,再到策略最终建立学科化的知识体系的过程。     

江河流域经济系统开放与可持续发展关系——国际经典案例及对黄河流域高质量发展的启示

全球主要江河流域承载并见证人类经济分工演进与发展变迁的浩荡历史,当今全球环境变化与经济一体化深刻影响着流域经济系统开放与可持续发展的作用关系。通过建立现代系统科学方法导引下的区域经济地理学理论分析框架,开展对亚洲、欧洲、南北美洲和非洲代表性江河流域经济系统开放与可持续发展关系的个案描述和指标化对比,发现开放因素对流域经济系统运行状态产生复杂影响,并导致流域经济系统运行的多样化格局和发展的多元化路径。全球江河流域经济系统通过自主开放与创新、协调、适应、共享各参量的共同作用,形成开放与可持续发展良性互动的经验可为黄河流域经济系统高质量可持续发展提供借鉴。     

国内外信息化人才建设的经验及启示

信息化人才是目前国内外竞争最激烈的稀缺资源,全球新一轮的信息化人才争夺具有其新的态势和特点,国内外先进地区信息化人才建设的做法和经验,给了我们新的启示.     

毛泽东探索中国社会主义现代化道路的经验教训

1956－1976年间，毛泽东带领全党进行了中国社会主义现代化道路的探索，取得了辉煌的理论建树，经历了不小的曲折，也给我们留下不少值得认真思考的问题；首先，实事求是是必须坚持而不能须臾离开的思想路线。如果坚持了事是求是，在革命和建设中就会不犯东少犯错误，甚至犯了错误也能很快得到纠正；其次，如何处理好社会主义现代化建设中经济建设与阶级斗争的关系是一个十分重要的课题。在社会主义建设时期从以经济建设为中心发展到以阶级斗争为中心，形成了典型的“中心二元论”，“中心二元论”的结果必然是错误的“一元”代替正确的“一元”，这是一个深刻的教训；最后，把握改革的正确方向是一个关系改革前途命运的大局。中国与苏联改革的成与败的分水岭就在于是否坚持改革的社会主义方向。     

The role of adverse childhood experiences as determinants of non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents referred to community and inpatient mental health settings

The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence of, and determine the effect of adverse childhood experiences on non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents referred to community and inpatient mental health settings. Data for this study were obtained from the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health dataset. A total of 2038 children and adolescents aged 8–18 years (M = 12.49; SD = 2.88, 61.1% males) were analyzed. Binary logistic regression was fitted to identify predictors of non-suicidal self-injury as a function of adverse childhood experiences, depression, and social support while simultaneously controlling for age, gender, type of patient, legal guardianship, marital status of parents/caregivers, history of foster family placement, and mental health diagnoses. Of the 2038 children and adolescents examined, 592 (29%) of this clinical sample engaged in non-suicidal self-injury. In the multivariate logistic regression model, children and adolescents who were physically abused had 49% higher odds of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury and children and adolescents who were sexually abused had 60% higher odds of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury, when compared to their non-abused counterparts. Other predictors of non-suicidal self-injury include: older age, female gender, inpatient status, depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, and mood disorders. Children and adolescents who had some form of social support had a 26% decrease in the odds of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury. Assessment procedures for indicators of mental health, particularly among children and adolescents with a history of adverse childhood experiences, should also take into account non-suicidal self-injury. In addition to bolstering social support networks, addressing depression and related emotion regulation skills in childhood may help prevent future non-suicidal self-injury behaviors.     

The Art of the Impossible? A Case Study and Reflections on the Experience of Art in a Rural Kenyan Primary School

The arguments for, and justification of, the value of teaching art in school have been made previously, but contextually these are often situated in Western affluence. This article explores the issues with a strikingly contrasted setting. The rural school in the study is approximately 30 minutes' drive from the nearest town, and the pupils are drawn from the surrounding rural bush area which is itself developmentally and materially poor in comparison to the UK. In school, the poverty seemed initially to relate to a lack of educational resources, but the reality experienced in the classroom may have also been linked to other issues. These included the desperate preoccupation with survival in difficult climatic conditions, a postcolonial legacy and the delicate balance of utilising resources without waste. What conclusions might then be drawn about the teaching of art? Utilising the work of others who have considered the issues in Kenya, this small‐scale ethnographic case study is presented with personal reflection and observations. The author would be pleased to hear from others with similar experiences or who have recognised additional issues in seemingly challenging circumstances.     

抓好队伍·营造环境·协调关系——《空军工程大学学报(自然科学版)》办刊体会

从刊物特色、队伍建设、营造环境、协调关系等方面介绍了《空军工程大学学报(自然科学版)》的办刊体会.认为:抓好编辑队伍、稿源队伍、特约编委队伍建设是办好期刊的"基础条件",培养"服务,团结,进取,创新"的理念是办好期刊的"内部要素",协调好内外关系是办好期刊的"外部条件".