The spread of private tutoring in English in developing societies: exploring students’ perceptions

ABSTRACT

Although research on private tutoring has gained visibility in recent years, private tutoring in English (PT-E) has not received notable attention. This paper examines students’ perceptions of PT-E in Bangladesh in terms of its necessity and helpfulness, peer pressure in PT-E participation and ethicality of PT-E practice and government intervention. Our analysis of survey data (N?=?572) leads to characterising PT-E and explaining the reasons for its popularity. As a popular learning space beyond formal schooling, PT-E is available in various forms and quality catering to the purchasing power of different social groups. We argue that students may resort to PT-E not because of its proven effectiveness but because of their declining faith in school English teaching. The paper contributes to our understanding of the complex interactions between the curricular (school) and non-curricular (PT-E) settings and family socioeconomic resources in the teaching of English as a globally desired language.     

STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF EUONYMUS ALATUS(THUNB.) SLEB.

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日本新世纪战争文学的新变研究——反思与迷惘：日本文学如何反思侵略战争

日本新世纪文学与二次世界大战密切相关,但是其主题既不是反对侵略战争,也不是反对战败,而是从人道主义的立场出发,对整个世界大战进行反思,描写战争的残酷,战时经济困乏以及给普通民众造成的感情扭曲等的心理创伤。作品中都或多或少地流露出反战、厌战的思想意识,其中既有深层次的社会、政治、思想、文化等方面的原因,也与作家的个人体验密切相关。日本反战文学主要包括两个内容;一是对战争的揭露,二是对核战争的反对。纵观日本二战后的文坛,无论从数量上或质量上说,这一意义上的反战文学一直占主导地位。日本新世纪文学是从反战文学起步的。但是也毋庸讳言,由于战前的错误教育和舆论导向,日本人和日本作家对日本军国主义者发动的这场侵略战争的认识和态度不尽一致,所以日本当代反战文学并不是清一色的反对侵略战争的文学,也存在打着反战的旗号为军国主义分子招魂和美化侵略战争的所谓反战文学。二者针锋相对、壁垒分明。,我们期待着日本作家能从加害者的角度,从整体上,从广阔的文化背景上,探讨和剖析这场浩劫的内在原因;如能对这场战争的帝国主义性质给予必要的批判,将具有更加发人深省的影响和巨大推动力量。倘若如此。这必将是世界爱好和平人民的福音。     

语言磨蚀的主要理论简介及其对教与学的启示

语言磨蚀理论研究对保持外语能力,提高外语学习效率具有重要意义。同时,语言磨蚀理论对高校英语教与学有着重要的启示作用。文章通过简要分析语言磨蚀的主要理论,对教与学分别提出针对性的指导意见,以使其更具实践可操作性。     

儿童语言习得对高职英语教学的启示

儿童语言习得与第二语言习得都属于语言习得范畴,但习得所花费的时间与精力以及最终达到的水平却相差甚远。本文通过研究和分析儿童语言习得的过程,找出儿童语言习得过程中适用于二语教学的方法和策略,并通过具体事例进行阐述,希望对二语教学有所帮助。     

Positive Effects of Bilingualism: Divergent Thinking and Its Implications for Language Education

The issue of bilingualism has been widely explored in the past decades,showing that there are multiple positive effects of"additive bilingualism".Such positive factors are closely linked with children’s cognitive development and intelligence.This paper gives a detailed review on how bilingualism plays a role in children’s divergent thinking ability.Fully taking advantage of such positive effects in language education should be a significant part for bilingual education and foreign language programs.Thus,this paper further discusses the educational implications of these theoretic findings,suggesting that an additive bilingual environment should be cultivated through multiple ways of curriculum and program planning.     

基于聋人大学生辅导员任职需求的思考

聋人大学生作为特殊的大学生群体,随着我国教育制度的不断完善而享受到高等教育权利,因此聋人大学生辅导员的任职需求研究也应被提上日程。基于聋人大学生群体的特殊性,从辅导员的能力建设、多方资源融合、搭建沟通平台、新媒体沟通能力、思政融合实践、学生服务等方面进行分析与探讨,并结合个人经验提出了具体的解决途径。     

从认知角度分析现代外语教学流派及其综合运用

现代外语教学流派众多,各有利弊,而认知语言学理论作为穿引线与．其他语言学理论取长补短,融入外语教学中,即“行为—认知”初级阶段、“认知-语法”中级阶段、“认知-功能”高级阶段,不仅是对以前语言学理论不足的补充,也是对认知语言学自身的不断完善。不断完善语言学理论,综合运用不同教法,有利于外语教学改革。     

Is the Simple View of Reading too Simple?

According to the Simple View of Reading (SVR), reading comprehension is the product of word decoding ability and linguistic comprehension (R = D × C). However, there is also evidence showing that an additive model (R = D + C) explains just as much or even more of the variance in reading comprehension than the product model. To further evaluate these models, 467 Norwegian students in grade 6 were administered measures of reading comprehension, decoding ability, listening comprehension, phonemic awareness, and rapid digit naming. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the explanatory power of each model, in addition to the influence of phonemic awareness and rapid naming. The preliminary hierarchical regression analyses were replicated among Swedish students. According to the present study, the additive model explained more of the variance in reading comprehension than the product model, and only rapid naming contributed significantly to explain variance in reading comprehension, above and beyond that explained by the SVR.     

Using Picture Books as Paired Texts to Teach Educational Theories

Picture books, when used thoughtfully and artfully, can teach theories to graduate students in literacy and foreign language education. In this article, the authors described how a pair of picture books is used to teach Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development and Krashen's Input Hypothesis in the fields of literacy education and applied linguistics. The authors first introduced the theoretical foundation and rationale of using picture books as paired texts to teach educational theories. Then, from a macroperspective, they described the procedures of designing a class activity with paired picture books. Next, they provided language teachers and educators with a specific sample in which materials, objective, and specific instructional steps are clearly listed. In the end, the authors explained how the article contributes to the field from three perspectives: first, it offers a helpful strategy to language educators who make instruction of theories to graduate students easier; second, it provides insights to language and content area teachers on teaching across the curriculum by using picture books; third, it suggests how teachers can pair other learning mediators with picture books to improve student learning.