Nutritional needs of elite endurance athletes. Part II: Dietary protein and the potential role of caffeine and creatine

Abstract

Amino acids contribute between 2–8% of the energy needs during endurance exercise. Endurance exercise training leads to an adaptive reduction in the oxidation of amino acids at the same absolute exercise intensity, however, the capacity to oxidize amino acids goes up due to the increase in the total amount of the rate limiting enzyme, branched chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase. There appears to be a modest increase (range?=?12–95%) in protein requirements only for very well trained athletes who are actively training. Although the majority of athletes will have ample dietary protein to meet any increased need, those on a hypoenergetic diet or during extreme periods of physical stress may need dietary manipulation to accommodate the need. Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine derivative that is common in many foods and beverages. The consumption of caffeine (3–7 mg/kg) prior to endurance exercise improves performance for habitual and non-habitual consumers. The ergogenic effect is likely due to a direct effect on muscle contractility and not via an enhancement of fatty acid oxidation. Creatine is important in intra-cellular energy shuttling and in cellular fluid regulation. Creatine monohydrate supplementation (20 g/d X 3–5 days) increases fat-free mass, improves muscle strength during repetitive high intensity contractions and increases fat-free mass accumulation and strength during a period of weight training. Given the increase in weight, there are likely neutral or even performance reducing effects in sports that are influenced by body mass (i.e., running, hill climbing cycling).     

日粮淀粉组成对仔猪对氨基酸消化的影响

以体重相近的三元杂交仔猪为动物模型, 考察仔猪(分为3个处理组)采食由不同比例的支链淀粉(AMP)与直链淀粉(AMO)组成的日粮后日粮中氨基酸(AA)的表观回肠末端(AID)和表观粪便(AFD)消化率的变化.结果表明,日粮中AMP和AMO的比例显著影响仔猪对AA的消化吸收,提高日粮中AMP的含量有助于提高日粮AA的AID值,从而提高仔猪对日粮AA的利用率.     

生命的三维动态

本文主要综述了三大生命物质——蛋白质、核酸、糖所具有的动态三维空间结构与其所表现的生命功能,体现着生命的正确性、有序性、复杂性。     

低氧条件下的冲刺训练对运动员生理生化指标的影响*

目的:研究低氧条件下的冲刺训练对运动员身体内葡萄糖、胰岛素、游离脂肪酸以及乳酸应激条件下的影响.方法:所有运动员都分别参加三组不同实验条件的训练,并且每组训练相隔7天.三组不同训练条件分别为:常氧压的冲刺运动(N组);中等缺氧的冲刺运动(M组);高度缺氧的冲刺运动(H组).每组冲刺运动都在功率自行车上进行,每组运动为4次为时30s的冲刺运动,阻力都为10档,并辅以教练口头激励,每次冲刺运动后恢复6min,并记录每次运动员产生的最高功率以及平均功率.两种不同的低氧条件由低氧面具提供.训练后,分别在运动前抽取血液1次,以及在4次运动完成后5 min,30min,60min,120min各取一次,并检测各项指标.结果:1.常氧压组与两组低氧压组相比,血细胞中的葡萄糖含量没有明显的差异,但是,与没有进入运动开始前相比较,冲刺运动后的5min内葡萄糖含量上升显著.2.只有在冲刺运动完成后2h后,体内脂肪酸含量才显著上升,并且与常氧压组和中等低氧压组相比较,高度缺氧组的游离脂肪酸上升更为明显,且与这两组差异显著.3.与运动开始前相比,运动后5min、30min、60min内体内乳酸含量高,且具有显著差异.但在120min后差异消失.4.运动结束后5min时体内胰岛素含量较高,且与开始运动前和运动结束后其他三个时间段相比,具有显著差异.     

Improving the antioxidant activity and enriching salvianolic acids by the fermentation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvia miltiorrhizae</Emphasis> with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geomyces luteus</Emphasis>

The antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of fermented Salvia miltiorrhiza with fungus Geomyces luteus were investigated. The results revealed that G. luteus fermentation could significantly improve the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of S. miltiorrhiza. The main antioxidant constituents were characterized by spectroscopic analysis as salvianolic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification also showed the enhanced content of salvianolic acid B after fermentation. The present study suggests that G. luteus fermentations are effective in the S. miltiorrhiza salvianolic acids’ enrichment process.     

弱酸混合酸滴定准确度的理论探讨

本文用严格的数学方法从理论上系统探讨了弱酸混合酸的分步滴定问题和总酸量的滴定问题,提出了在允许误差ε=0.2％、突跃范围ΔpH=0.6条件下的混合酸准确滴定判据。     

茶叶最适冲泡条件的生物化学实验论证

为了寻找一个合适的冲泡条件,使茶叶中对人体有益的成分浸出量最大,我们以生物化学方法测定了三类不同加工方式的四种茶叶,以不同温度、不同时间冲泡,茶水中维生素C、茶多酚和氨基酸的含量。实验结果表明,发酵加工的红茶和不发酵的绿茶相比较,后者维生素C、茶多酚和氨基酸的含量较高;从茶水中维生素C、茶多酚和氨基酸含量的测定值来看,三类不同加工方式的四种茶叶的最适冲泡条件都应为85~90℃,4小时左右;冲泡过夜的茶水中维生素C、茶多酚和氨基酸含量都有一定程度的损失;冲泡后放置过夜的茶水中三种成分含量都基本保持不变。     

由混合粗脂肪酸制生物柴油

以高碳混合粗脂肪酸和甲醇为原料制备生物柴油．研究了醇酸摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂等因素对反应的影响．实验结果表明,最适宜工艺条件为：醇酸摩尔比5：1,反应温度70℃,反应时间6h,催化剂用量1．5％（以原料中脂肪酸质量为基准）,甲醇分三次加入．由高碳混合粗脂肪酸制备的生物柴油,其各项技术指标与国外同类产品标准接近．     

果蝇基因组中两类序列的信息参数沿染色体的分布

由于真核生物基因组染色体上各种序列的组织和安排复杂,所以我们把果蝇染色体上顺次排列的DNA序列分成内含子和编码序列两类.分别用描述序列构成的四个信息参数,分析各类序列沿着染色体分布特征,并着重讨论染色体着丝粒及其周围区域的分布规律,并解释引起这些特征的原因.用线性拟合和多项式拟合分析染色体各类序列沿染色体的统计分布特征(学生t检验),分析各个参数的平均值在染色体不同区域的差别.果蝇染色体参数X值是由D1(碱基偏置)和D2(碱基关联)值共同决定的,但果蝇染色体的编码序列参数X分内含子序列相比,分布没有趋同性.显示出编码序列跟内含子序列染色体的分布不同.     

羧酸及其盐红外光谱特性的研究

研究了羧酸及其盐的特征红外光谱．讨论了红外光谱特性随化学结构变化的关系．进而从红外光谱与分子结构的关系上论证了羧酸及其盐结构上的差异性，并给出了羧酸盐结构的通式．