数学教学中观察能力的培养

阐述在数学教学中，如何培养学生的观察能力，通过观察能力的培养，提高学生的解题能力，进而提高学生分析问题和解决问题的能力．     

Fractions as the Coordination of Multiplicatively Related Quantities: A Cross-Sectional Study of Children's Thinking

Although equal sharing problems appear to support the development of fractions as multiplicative structures, very little work has examined how children's informal solutions reflect this possibility. The primary goal of this study was to analyze children's coordination of two quantities (number of people sharing and number of things being shared) in their solutions to equal sharing problems and to see to what extent this coordination was multiplicative. A secondary goal was to document children's solutions for equal sharing problems in which the quantities had a common factor (other than 1). Data consisted of problem-solving interviews with students in 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades (n=112). We found two major categories of strategies: (a) Parts Quantities strategies and (b) Ratio Quantities strategies. Parts quantities involved children's partitions of continuous units expressed in terms of the number of pieces that would be created. Ratio quantities involved children's creation of associated sets of discrete quantities. Within these strategies, children drew upon a range of relationships among fractions, ratio, multiplication, and division to mentally or physically manipulate quantities of sharers and things to produce exhaustive and equal partitions of the items. Additionally, we observed that problems that included number combinations with common factors elicited a wider range of whole-number knowledge and operations in children's strategies and therefore appeared to support richer interconnections than problems with relatively prime or more basic number combinations.     

研究型野外实习教学的设计与实践

为了全面培养学生的智力和能力，在生态学野外学习教学中，我们开展了研究型的教学实践活动，教学实践证明，研究型的教学实践活动，不仅为学生提供了创新活动的条件和机会，而且能够有效地引导学生掌握学习方法，由于通过集体参与实践教学的全过程，因而在学生的智力和能力培养方面，作用十分明显。     

Education in the Field Influences Children’s Ideas and Interest toward Science

This paper explores the idea of informal science education in scientific field laboratory (The Science Field Centre). The experimental group of pupils (N = 153) was experienced with approximately 5-day lasting field trips and experiments in the Field Centre in Slovakia. After finishing the course, two different research methods were used to discover their interest and ideas toward science. Pupils from the experimental group showed significant differences from those that did not experience education in the Field Centre (control group, N = 365). In comparison to the control group, pupils of the experimental group highly preferred book titles that were related to their program in the Field Centre. There were differences between the drawings of ideal school environment from both pupils groups. In the drawings of the experimental group, we found significantly more items connected with the educational environment of the Field Centre (e.g. laboratory equipment, live animals). We suppose field science education would be one of the most effective ways to increase interest of pupils to study science and to invaluable intrinsic motivation at the expense extrinsic motivation.     

三元能量应用于火炬松大田育苗试验

１９９５年应用三元能量进行火炬松容器育苗实验，效果明显；１９９６年三元能量在火炬松育苗大面积的应用，取得显著效果。１９９７年应用三元能量促进火炬松育苗，经过显著性测验，增产极显著。     

对藏书索书号在直观方面的探索

在图书馆的藏书中，由于索书号号码的长度与图书书脊的宽度不一一对应，致使大量的藏书索书号不能直观。本文分析了产生这一问题的原因，并系统的提出解决这一问题的方法和原理。     

沙参属10个种的染色体研究

 本文报道了我国黑龙江产桔梗科沙参属的10种1变种的染色体数目和核型，对其中     7种作了减数分裂行为的观察。  其中6种1变种为首次报道，并发现2n=68的4x种。该     属染色体基数多为17(x＝17)，但Adenophora trachelioides和A．remotiflora的基数为18     (x=18)，为该属独特基数。核型的共同特征是：小型，以中部(m)、近中部(sm)着丝点     染色体为主，至少具一对近端着丝点染色体和一对随体染色体。该属染色体的演化处于二种     水平：  数目变化(包括多倍化和非整倍体变化)和结构变异。  多倍化是该属物种形成的主要     途径之一。结合其它性状讨论了这些种的分类，并确立1个四倍体新种(A. amurica)和1个新组合(A．pereskiifolia ssp．alternifolia)。     

辽宁沙参属两个种的补记及染色体数目

 此文包括了缢花沙参Adenophora contracta (Kitag．)  J．  Z．  Qu  et  Hong 和松叶沙参 A．pinifolia Kitag．两个种。在过去，前者曾被处理为石沙参的变种(A.polyantha Nakai var．contracta Kitag．)。本文通过对它的地理分布、植物体形态和细胞学特征的研究，发现它相当独特。所以，把它处理为种的等级A．contracta (Kitag．) J．Z．Qu. et Hong。后者，曾被洪德元(1983)处理为存疑种。在此被确认为独立的种。     

与Gauss系数有关的一个组合公式

设 IF_q是一个q元有限域,v是一个自然数,1≤i≤v。在这篇文章中,我们证明了以下公式: 这里是Gauss系数。     

对田径运动技术节奏的分析

田径运动是比快、比高、比强的运动,是人体力量、速度、耐力等运动能力的竞争。这种竞争是通过人体科学合理的运动技术展现出来的。这种展现在时间、空间、时机上应该是有序的,可控制的,这就是节奏在运动中的充分体现。