Artificial evil and the foundation of computer ethics

Moral reasoning traditionally distinguishes two types of evil:moral (ME) and natural (NE). The standard view is that ME is theproduct of human agency and so includes phenomena such as war,torture and psychological cruelty; that NE is the product ofnonhuman agency, and so includes natural disasters such asearthquakes, floods, disease and famine; and finally, that morecomplex cases are appropriately analysed as a combination of MEand NE. Recently, as a result of developments in autonomousagents in cyberspace, a new class of interesting and importantexamples of hybrid evil has come to light. In this paper, it iscalled artificial evil (AE) and a case is made for considering itto complement ME and NE to produce a more adequate taxonomy. Byisolating the features that have led to the appearance of AE,cyberspace is characterised as a self-contained environment thatforms the essential component in any foundation of the emergingfield of Computer Ethics (CE). It is argued that this goes someway towards providing a methodological explanation of whycyberspace is central to so many of CE's concerns; and it isshown how notions of good and evil can be formulated incyberspace. Of considerable interest is how the propensity for anagent's action to be morally good or evil can be determined evenin the absence of biologically sentient participants and thusallows artificial agents not only to perpetrate evil (and forthat matter good) but conversely to `receive' or `suffer from'it. The thesis defended is that the notion of entropy structure,which encapsulates human value judgement concerning cyberspace ina formal mathematical definition, is sufficient to achieve thispurpose and, moreover, that the concept of AE can be determinedformally, by mathematical methods. A consequence of this approachis that the debate on whether CE should be considered unique, andhence developed as a Macroethics, may be viewed, constructively,in an alternative manner. The case is made that whilst CE issuesare not uncontroversially unique, they are sufficiently novel torender inadequate the approach of standard Macroethics such asUtilitarianism and Deontologism and hence to prompt the searchfor a robust ethical theory that can deal with them successfully.The name Information Ethics (IE) is proposed for that theory. Itis argued that the uniqueness of IE is justified by its beingnon-biologically biased and patient-oriented: IE is anEnvironmental Macroethics based on the concept of data entityrather than life. It follows that the novelty of CE issues suchas AE can be appreciated properly because IE provides a newperspective (though not vice versa). In light of the discussionprovided in this paper, it is concluded that Computer Ethics isworthy of independent study because it requires its ownapplication-specific knowledge and is capable of supporting amethodological foundation, Information Ethics.     

保险代理激励机制:一个长期模型

当前的保险代理激励机制有效促进了保险代理人的展业积极性,但无法避免前期高佣金带来的保险代理人短期行为。从业务实践的角度来看延长约期从而抑制保险代理人的短期行为是必要的,但延长约期后又不利于激励代理人。已有的保险代理研究没有关注约期问题,运用激励理论建立起的保险代理激励机制的长期模型可将约期对保险代理激励的影响引入分析框架,该模型以及由它得到的一系列技术性结论,可以为保险代理激励机制设计提供理论支持和方法指导。     

浅析代建单位性质和代建合同模式

回顾了我国非经营性政府投资项目管理模式的变迁过程,通过对比分析两种不同性质的代建单位和三种不同的代建合同诠释代建制模式,最后总结了代建制的现状。     

我国农业电子商务模式研究——基于商务主体主导与匹配的视角

农业电子商务的发展是我国电子商务体系中的薄弱环节,对我国农业产业化的形成与农业现代化的开发没有产生应有的激励功能。农业电子商务模式的改进是提高农业电子商务运营绩效的最直接的方式。我国农业电子商务模式的研究存在着一定的滞后性,未能为农业电子商务实践提供积极的指导。基于商务主体主导性的视角与商务主体匹配性的视角,并结合于我国农业电子商务的运作环境,农业电子商务模式的类型、交易特征、发展路径、应用策略、及政府职能的分析对我国农业电子商务实践的发展存在着现实性的理论借鉴与指导作用。     

我国经济发达地区农业电子商务模式解构

农业电子商务是促进我国农业经济发展的有效方式,而电子商务模式是电子商务体系的中心环节。我国农业电子商务的发展存在着一定的滞后性,而电子商务模式的改进是提高农业电子商务运作效率的基础性策略。通过对我国经济发达地区农业电子商务实践的调查,可以实现对电子商务模式的合理解析,从而为农业商务主体优化电子商务模式,进而提高我国农业电子商务的运作效率提供现实性的理论借鉴。     

菠菜中色素提取方法的改进

菠菜中含有叶绿素a（蓝绿色）、叶绿素b（黄绿色）、叶黄素（黄色）和胡萝b素（橙黄色）等多种天然色素．本文首先分别用甲醇、乙醇和乙酸乙酯处理菠菜,其次用石油醚（正己烷）分别和甲醇、乙醇、乙酸乙酯组成的混合溶液提取色素,最后用不同比例的石油醚（正己烷）和乙酸乙酯组成的混合溶液作为展开剂进行薄层层析,根据层析效果选择合适的色素去滴定不同厚度的薄层板,以比较展开效果,结果表明用甲醇和石油醚（正己烷）提取的色素在石油醚：乙酸乙酯3：2的展开系统中展开效果比较好．     

高校多媒体教室管理的外包服务运行模式探索

外包服务是一个蕴涵巨大价值的新兴项目,是当今国内乃至世界物流发展的一个重要方向。多媒体教室管理作为学校日常管理的重要组成部分,其管理模式同样可以引入外包服务模式。文章对多媒体教室管理服务外包的可行性、外包内容、模式与执行策略和如何进行质量监督等进行了详细阐述,提出了有益的看法,并给出了实际验证案例。研究结果对于指导多媒体教室服务外包具有十分重要的意义。     

基于相对业绩比较的企业激励机制设计

循环经济是一种符合可持续要求的经济发展模式,政府可以利用激励机制当中潜在的经济效益引导企业主动从事循环经济生产活动。文章通过将相对业绩比较引入到政府——企业二元主体的单因素委托一代理模型中以设计循环经济激励机制。结果表明,通过有效的绩效评价制度和必要的监督、披露机制,结合灵活的手段,政府既可以提高对企业真实生产努力的激励强度,降低企业所面临的不确定性,又能够降低信息不对称造成的代理成本,节约政府支出。     

英文写作教学改革新方法探索

作者根据长期英文写作教学的实践,结合中国学生的实际,运用语言学习中的认知理论及二语习得理论,探索出一套提高学生英文写作能力和水平的教学新的方法：教学内容上,抛弃传统的基础知识板块,确立写作方法和技能在教学中的核心地位;教学主体上,改以教师为中心为以学生为中心;教学过程中,坚持师生互动的原则;教学手段上,变单一语言交流为多媒质的集体介入.     

基于Ontology的移动Agent对Web Services的访问研究

在语义Web Services的理论基础上,提出了一个基于Ontology的移动Agent访问Web Services的结构模型,并将Agent间的通讯语言KQML用于Agent与Web Services的交互,同时给出了用XML封装KQML消息层原语的示例。