论"历史研究"--从统万城实地考察谈起

关于“历史研究”必须坚持:一、历史研究不是在人的意识中复现实际的历史过程,而是在文字史料、实物史料、现存知识体系之间求取无矛盾的共同点。二、历史研究的结果有可能出现同时或异时互相矛盾的“真”。三、由主客体关系所决定的历史有三种互相联系但又互相隔绝的基本表现形式。     

第四方物流在中国施行的现实性论证

本文从全国的物流热出发,按照来源的实体表现形式对第四方物流企业进行了分类,并在此基础上从中国第四方物流业务开展的主体、客体、环境进行分析,对在中国施行第四方物流的现实性进行了论证,阐述了目前在中国开展第四方物流条件尚不充分的基本观点。     

试论社会预测的主客体互动反射性原理

以往对社会预测基本原理的研究忽略了一条重要的基本原理，即社会预测的主客体互动反射性原理。这一原理是由社会预测与自然预测的根本性区别决定的，因而是社会预测必须遵守的一个方法论原则。本文以实证分析和理论推导相结合的方式，阐释了社会预测客体因应现象的普遍性，以及社会预测主客体之间的互动反射性现象，进而揭示和论证了社会预测的主客体互动反射性原理。     

On the intrinsic value of information objects and the infosphere

What is the most general common set ofattributes that characterises something asintrinsically valuableand hence as subject to some moral respect, andwithout which something would rightly beconsidered intrinsically worthless or even positivelyunworthy and therefore rightly to bedisrespected in itself? Thispaper develops and supports the thesis that theminimal condition of possibility of an entity'sleast intrinsic value is to be identified with itsontological status as an information object.All entities, even when interpreted as only clusters ofinformation, still have a minimal moral worthqua information objects and so may deserve to be respected. Thepaper is organised into four main sections.Section 1 models moral action as an information systemusing the object-oriented programmingmethodology (OOP). Section 2 addresses the question of whatrole the several components constituting themoral system can have in an ethical analysis. If theycan play only an instrumental role, thenComputer Ethics (CE) is probably bound to remain at most apractical, field-dependent, applied orprofessional ethics. However, Computer Ethics can give rise to amacroethical approach, namely InformationEthics (IE), if one can show that ethical concern should beextended to include not only human, animal orbiological entities, but also information objects. Thefollowing two sections show how this minimalistlevel of analysis can be achieved. Section 3 provides anaxiological analysis of information objects. Itcriticises the Kantian approach to the concept ofintrinsic value and shows that it can beimproved by using the methodology introduced in the first section.The solution of the Kantian problem prompts thereformulation of the key question concerningthe moral worth of an entity: what is theintrinsic value of x qua an object constituted by itsinherited attributes? In answering thisquestion, it is argued that entitiescan share different observable propertiesdepending on the level of abstraction adopted,and that it is still possible to speak of moral value even at thehighest level of ontological abstractionrepresented by the informational analysis. Section 4 develops aminimalist axiology based on the concept ofinformation object. It further supports IE's position byaddressing five objections that may undermineits acceptability.     

技术评价偏差及其控制研究

本文讨论技术评价偏差产生的根源、偏差的类型及如何对偏差进行控制的问题。评价偏差的根源主要是来自于评价主体、评价客体及外界因素,偏差类型则根据偏差产生的不同时点分成评价前偏差和评价过程偏差两类。本文提出的评价偏差的控制方法主要针对评价主体。     

Designing for communication at work: A case for technology-enhanced boundary objects

In this article we conceptualise the challenges of communication between a mortgage company and its customers in terms of crossing boundaries between communities. Through an ethnographic study we first address the question: what are the challenges of communication between sales agents and customers of a mortgage company around mathematical artefacts? Insight into these challenges formed the basis for an intervention in which we designed technology-enhanced boundary objects (TEBOs) that were reconfigurations of problematic symbolic artefacts. Secondly, we ask what the sales agents learned from the intervention. The data suggest that the intervention with the TEBOs helped employees to develop a better understanding of the mathematics behind the mortgages they sold, and to improve communication with their customers.     

深化中国土司制度研究的几个问题

土司制度是中国历史发展进程中的特殊产物,也是中国边疆史研究中不可回避的重要内容.迄今为止,学界对土司问题的研究已取得丰硕的成果,而且有渐成热点之势.土司制度研究要进一步引向深入,不仅应注意资料的发掘和整理,深化和拓展研究视野和研究内容,更不能忽视中国历史发展进程的大背景,要建起历代边疆治理和边疆研究全局的大视野,防止将土司制度泛化的倾向,坚持实事求是,求真求实,处理好历史与现实、学术与政治两者之间的关系,让土司制度研究回归其研究本意,并推动土司制度知识在民众中的普及.     

时代变迁与物权客体的重新界定

从罗马法到近代私法的物权客体范围的演进,确立的是以"有体物"为标准的物权客体的范围,有体物之外的"物"或被严格排除在物权客体之外而以特例规定设定物权,或以拟制手段纳入物权客体范围。在现代物权法上界定物权客体,不仅需要把握物的自然属性,更重要的是能够使价值化、观念化和虚拟化的新类型的"财产"能够进入物权客体的内涵之中。以"财产"概念代替"物"的概念来指称物权客体,以使物权客体具有更强的时代包容性,这实际上是对《物权法》第二条规定的理论概括,即把第二条所称的"物"和法律特别规定的能够成为物权客体的"权利"用一个统一的概念予以界定。     

高校实物档案管理存在的问题及对策

在当今信息社会,高校实物档案管理日益暴露出很多问题,主要的问题有四种。要适应高校发展的需求,高校实物档案工作要解决这四种主要问题以不断地提高管理水平,除了解放思想高度重视之外,还应采取相应的对策。     

Challenges of measuring software impact through citations: An examination of the lme4 R package

The rise of software as a research object is mirrored by increasing interests in quantitative studies of scientific software. However, inconsistent citation practices have led most existing studies of this type to base their analysis of software impact on software name mentions, as identified in full-text publications. Despite its limitations, citation data exists in much greater quantities and covers a broader array of scientific fields than full-text data, and thus can support investigations with much wider scope. This paper aims to analyze the extent to which citation data can be used to reconstruct the impact of software. Specifically, we identify the variety of citable objects related to the lme4 R package and examine how the package’s impact is dispersed across these objects. Our results shed light on a little-discussed challenge of using citation data to measure software impact: even within the category of formal citation, the same software object might be cited in different forms. We consider the implications of this challenge and propose a method to reconstruct the impact of lme4 through its citations nonetheless.