A simplified MMSE-based iterative receiver for MIMO systems

A simplified minimum mean square error （MMSE） detector is proposed for joint detection and decoding of multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） systems. The matrix inversion lemma and the singular value decomposition （SVD） of the channel matrix are used to simplify the computation of the coefficient of the MMSE filter. Compared to the original MMSE detector, the proposed detector has a much lower computational complexity with only a marginal performance loss. The proposed detector can also be applied to MIMO systems with high order modulations.     

Time motion analysis of 2001 and 2002 super 12 rugby

The aim of this study was to quantify movements of Super 12 rugby players in competition because information on elite rugby players' movements is unavailable. Players were categorized into forwards [front (n = 16) and back row (n = 15)] and backs [inside (n = 9) and outside backs (n = 7)] and their movements analysed by video-based time motion analysis. Movements were classified as rest (standing, walking and jogging) and work (striding, sprinting, static exertion, jumping, lifting or tackling). The total time, number and duration of individual activities were assessed, with differences between groups evaluated using independent sample t-tests (unequal variances), while differences between halves were assessed with paired sample t-tests. Forwards had 7:47?min:s (95% confidence limits: 6:39 to 8:55?min:s, P<0.01) more time in static exertion than backs, but backs spent 0:52 (0:34 to 1:09, P = 0.01) min:s more time sprinting than forwards, and had a 0.7 (0.3 to 1.2, P = 0.01) s longer duration of each sprint. Forwards spent 7:31 (5:55 to 9:08) min:s more time in work activities (P = 0.01) and had 2.1 (1.3 to 2.8) s longer work durations (P<0.01) than backs. The results indicate frequent short duration (<4?s) work efforts followed by moderate duration (<20?s) rest for forwards, and extended (>100?s) rest duration for backs. High-intensity efforts involved static exertion for forwards (mean?±?standard deviation frequency = 80?±?17) and sprinting for backs (27?±?9). In conclusion, after nearly a decade since becoming professional, elite rugby union is still characterized by highly intense, intermittent movement patterns and marked differences in the competition demands of forwards and backs.     

New Books Briefly Noted

Abstract

Little research has investigated the observational learning process from a developmental perspective. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research by considering two factors: performance versus learning and sequencing versus form scores. Children 'N = 60) comprising two age groups (5-0 to 6-11 and 8-0 to 9-11 years) were randomly assigned to verbal rehearsal only, model only, or model plus verbal rehearsal conditions. The task was a 6 part motor skill sequence in which proper sequencing and quality of form were assessed. A 2 × 3 × 4 (age group by model type by trial blocks) repeated measures MANOVA revealed a significant three-way interaction. Older children performed equally well under any of the model type conditions during both performance and learning. For younger children, a model plus rehearsal was superior to rehearsal only on sequence and form at performance and learning and superior to model only on sequence scores during the first two performance trial blocks. Model only and model plus rehearsal conditions were equally effective on form scores. These results suggest that age differences exist in the modeling of motor skills under conditions varying in model type, sequence and form scores, and performance and learning phases.     

A Cross-Cultural Validation of Perceived Locus of Causality Scale in Physical Education Context

We examined the validity of the factor structure and invariance of the Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) scale instrument scores across two nations endorsing collectivist (Singapore) and individualist (Great Britain) cultural values. Results indicated that confirmatory factor analytic models of the PLOC exhibited adequate ft according to multiple criteria within each sample and across samples. There was invariance in the item-intercepts across the two cultures. In addition, the simplex-like pattern of relations among the PLOC constructs was confirmed within cultures and in invariance analyses. Finally, latent factor means analysis revealed that the British participants tended to rate less self-determined forms of motivation lower than and more self-determined forms of motivation higher than the Singaporean participants.     

A Tutorial on Centering in Cross-Sectional Two-Level Models

The primary purpose of this tutorial is to succinctly review some options for, and consequences of, centering Level 1 predictors in commonly applied cross-sectional two-level models. It is geared toward both practitioners and researchers. A general understanding of multilevel modeling is necessary prior to understanding the subtleties of centering decisions. A review of some high-quality journals within the broad discipline of exercise science provides evidence that multilevel modeling is used relatively infrequently in this field. Therefore, a secondary purpose is to introduce Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science readers to some core facets of multilevel modeling within the framework of this tutorial. A relevant dataset is used to demonstrate potential consequences of different centering decisions within a multilevel model. Depending on the model and the data, different centering decisions can exert non-trivial influence on the meaning of some model parameters, results from fitting the model, and subsequent conclusions.     

关于Fejér平均的正逼近定理

本文改进了Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ级数Ｆｅｊéｒ平均的正逼近定理的证明，给出了较文［１］、［２］更为简捷的证明方法。     

利用平均值电压表测量放大器的噪声

噪声是一个随机信号，其电压波形是没有规律的非正弦波。由于无法描述噪声电压的时间波形。从测量的角度看，对噪声电压的测量一般用有效值电压表直接进行。本文根据噪声可以用统计学的方法描述其特性，噪声电压的分布规律符合正态分布的特点，由噪声的概率密度函数和平均值电压表定度的关系给出了一种运用实验室常见的平均值电压表测量放大器噪声电压的方法及其测量中的注意事项与测量步骤。     

关于高阶微分中值定理的逆命题

本文在函数凹凸和严格凹凸的条件下，证明了高阶Cauchy中值定理和高阶La－grange中值定理的逆命题．     

加权循环不等式与其对偶不等式及其应用

利用Cauchy不等式和幂平均不等式，研究了循环不等式的校正加权推广及其对偶推广，给出了推广结果的应用。     

《中庸》精髓在三"高"

《中庸》倍受古人推崇,其思想精华仍被世人运用,其精髓在于三“高“:高尚道德是其立世之本;高度自律是其存世之魂;高雅风度是其行事之道.