Comfort assessment of running footwear: Does assessment type affect inter-session reliability?

Assessing comfort of running footwear reliably is challenging. The purpose of this study was to compare the intra-rater reliability between different assessment types, to calculate intra-individual reliability scores and to evaluate the effect of rater selection based on individual reliability scores on group level reliability. Three assessment types: ranking, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Likert Scale (LS) were provided twice in six separate sessions among 30 participants, who assessed comfort of five shoes after treadmill running. Spearman's rho provided an evaluation of inter-session relative reliability and typical error as a measure of absolute reliability for each assessment type. Ranking (r?=?0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.78) yielded the highest relative reliability for overall comfort, followed by VAS (r?=?0.67, 95% CI 0.56–0.75) and LS (r?=?0.63, 95% CI 0.52–0.72), with large-scale overlaps of CIs between assessment types. The same order of assessment types was found for the percentage of reliable raters (r?≥?0.7) with 60% in ranking scale, 47% in VAS and 37% in LS. Forming subgroups corresponding to the intra-individual reliability substantially increased group level reliabilities. Based on measures of relative reliability, an extreme reduction in resolution as provided by the ranking from pairwise comparisons seems to be a valuable tool in footwear comfort assessments if assessment time is of minor importance. No preference can be provided for the two investigated rating scales. Besides the assessment type, a selection of the best raters in additional reliability checks seems to be a prerequisite for further comfort-related studies.     

物理核心素养评价与学业质量检测的研究

物理是初中阶段的重要课程,也是学生对世界进行基本科学认知的引导课程.在学生系统学习了近两年的物理后,学校和教师应对学生进行物理核心素养评价和学业质量检测.在物理核心素质评价与学业质量检测中,只有从物理观念、科学探究、科学思维、科学态度与责任入手,才能让评价与检测全面、丰富和多元.     

Temporal trends in 6-minute walking distance for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017

BackgroundThe 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) is an excellent measure of both functional endurance and health. The primary aim of this study was to estimate temporal trends in 6MWD for older Japanese adults between 1998 and 2017; the secondary aim was to estimate concurrent trends in body size (i.e., height and mass) and self-reported participation in exercise/sport.MethodsAdults aged 65–79 years were included. Annual nationally representative 6MWD data (n = 103,505) for the entire period were obtained from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Temporal trends in means (and relative frequencies) were estimated at the gender–age level by best-fitting sample-weighted linear/polynomial regression models, with national trends estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Temporal trends in distributional variability were estimated as the ratio of coefficients of variation.ResultsBetween 1998 and 2017 there was a steady, moderate improvement in mean 6MWD (absolute = 45 m (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 43–47); percent = 8.0% (95%CI: 7.6%–8.4%); effect size = 0.51 (95%CI: 0.48–0.54)). Gender- and age-related temporal differences in means were negligible. Variability in 6MWD declined substantially (ratio of coefficients of variation = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.87–0.92), with declines larger for women compared to men, and for 75–79-year-olds compared to 65–74-year-olds. Correspondingly, there were moderate and negligible increases in mean height and mass, respectively, and negligible increases in the percentage who participated in exercise/sport at least 3 days per week and at least 30 min per session.ConclusionThere has been a steady, moderate improvement in mean 6MWD for older Japanese adults since 1998, which is suggestive of corresponding improvements in both functional endurance and health. The substantial decline in variability indicates that the temporal improvement in mean 6MWD was not uniform across the distribution. Trends in 6MWD are probably influenced by corresponding trends in body size and/or participation in exercise/sport.     

碳纤维增强型树脂基复合材料的生物安全性评价

目的评价碳纤维增强型树脂基复合材料(CFRP)的生物相容性,为其在口腔临床中的应用提供依据。方法本研究进行三种体内外试验,即短期全身毒性试验(经口途径),静脉注射急性全身毒性试验和溶血试验。结果实验一:对照组和试验组大鼠均未出现毒性反应,对照组和实验组的体重增长率和食物利用率无明显差异(P>0.05),肉眼观察动物重要脏器,均未出现病理变化;实验二:对照组和试验组小鼠均未出现毒性症状,试验组和对照组小鼠体重无明显差异(P>0.05);实验三:测的体外溶血率2%。结论碳纤维增强型树脂基复合材料对动物无全身毒性作用也无溶血作用。     

话语分析理论在轮机英语口语教学中的应用

目前,轮机专业的学生普遍存在轮机英语口语水平低下的问题。本文针对课程特点及教学现状,在轮机英语口语课堂上应用话语分析理论进行教学探讨,激发了学生的学习热情,提高了学生专业英语口语水平。     

基于结构异地协同控制试验网络平台的开发与研究

结合我国国情建立远程结构试验网络系统，解决结构工程动力学科大型结构多节点试验资源不足的问题，分析了结构远程试验系统的组成以及网络远程协同控制的结构试验，初步实现把分布在各地的多个实验室连接在一起，利用各自不同的设备，完成复杂的试验和测试，同时让其他用户来实时观察所进行的试验，或参与试验过程，研究分析试验结果。     

关于英译汉过程中心理认知干扰因素的实证研究

在英译汉心理认知过程中,译者通常会受到一些因素的干扰而导致认知失误,但这却是推测,没有得到试验的检验。笔者尝试用两个具体的英译汉例子,提出三个有关心理认知干扰因素的假设,并设计四组英译汉测试题及与之相对应的问卷调查,用于三个实验组和一个对照组测试。通过对实验数据的收集、检验和分析,找出导致翻译认知失误的真正原因,即较偏僻词组和较长句式结构干扰了译者的翻译心理认知过程。     

皮划艇激流回旋项目的力量测试与评价

我国的皮划艇激流项目力量训练的设备仍是杠铃一类的器械,杠铃虽然是一种行之有效的训练器械,但在训练学界被认为是不符合专项力量训练要求的训练器材。研究表明,只要有有效的测试监控手段,教练员同样能够正确地评价力量训练效果,提高力量训练效率。本文的研究目的是要通过自行研制简单实用的训练测试设备及其力量训练效果评价体系,对皮划艇激流国家队运动员进行力量训练的测试与评价。     

‘At Some Point in the 1960s,Hell Disappeared’: Hell,Gender and Catholicism in Post-War England

This article explores changing understandings of Catholic hell in post-war England, focusing on how questions of sex and gender intersected with beliefs in the afterlife. It uses oral testimony from Catholic laypeople alongside the pronouncements of the clerical hierarchy to challenge the pervasive notion that ‘hell disappeared in the 1960s’. Hell did however, change in constitution during the post-war decades, transforming from a material ‘place’ to an abstract ‘state’ in the lay and institutional imagination. Rather than being about a straightforward ‘liberation’ from a coercive theology of damnation, the changing constitution of hell spoke of the way certain religious beliefs became re-categorised in late-modern England.     

Maximal heart rate declines linearly with age independent of cardiorespiratory fitness levels

There have been many conflicting observations between the linear or curvilinear decline in maximal heart rate (HR_max) with age. The aim of this study was to determine if linear or curvilinear equations would better describe the decline in HR_max with age in individuals of differing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels. Treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) results from participants (1510 men and 1134 women; 18–76 years) free of overt cardiovascular disease were retrospectively examined using cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. Participants completing ≥2 CPX with ≥1 year between test dates were included in the longitudinal analysis (325 men and 150 women). Linear and quadratic regressions were applied to age and HR_max for the whole cohort and respective CRF groups (high, moderate, and low, relative to age and gender normative values). To test for differences among linear, quadratic, and polynomial equations, the change in R² (cross-sectional analysis) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) (longitudinal analysis) from the linear to the more complex models were calculated. The quadratic or polynomial regression in the cross-sectional analysis, marginally improved the variance in HR_max explained by age compared to the linear regression for the whole cohort (0.2%), moderate fit group (0.3%), and low fit group (0.8%). With no improvements in the high fit group. BIC did not improve for any CRF category in the longitudinal analysis. In conclusion, the minimal differences among linear, quadratic, and polynomial equations in the respective CRF groups, emphasizes the use of linear prediction equations to estimate HR_max.