A shortage of cadavers: The predicament of regional anatomy education in mainland China

Both in mainland China and around the world, regional anatomy stands as one of the most important basic science courses in medical school curricula. As such, dissection of human cadavers and use of prosected specimens remains the most essential teaching method in anatomy education. However, medical educators have raised increasing concerns about an ongoing shortage of cadavers for medical use in mainland China, a problem which may seriously limit the future development of human anatomy education. Based on a survey on cadaver usage in anatomy education in mainland China, this study found that the cadaver resources of most given medical schools in mainland China are associated with their geographic location, academic ranking, and local support for body donation policies. Effective measures to alleviate this shortage of cadavers may include future efforts to promote national‐level body donation legislation, broader acceptance of body donation among Chinese citizens, and an efficient and humane protocol for body donation. Anat Sci Educ 11: 397–402. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.     

浅谈在歌唱与发声训练中对学生心理意识的培养

歌唱与发声的生理动作受心理意识支配和控制，运用声乐心理教学法来指导学生进行演唱实践，培养学生通过思维、分析、综合，使自己逐步形成正确的心理意识，指导歌唱发声机体灵活准确地运动。同时克服盲目被动学习行为，从而达到提高声乐教学的效果。     

妇女成为母系氏族公社中心的原因新探

先民对自身生产(即种的繁衍)的关怀以及他们性知识的极端缺乏，导致了先民把生育之功完全归于妇女，而认识不到男子在生育中的作用，由此产生了最初的以女性为崇拜对象的宗教观念——生殖崇拜，这种宗教观念又导致妇女在先民心目中的地位之崇高，这实际上就是妇女成为母系氏族公社中心的主要的和根本的原因。至于人们通常所说的妇女在生产劳动中占主要地位、“只知其母，不知其父”，虽然也可能是妇女成为母系氏族公社中心的原因．但它们不会是主要的和根本的原因。     

日本大学界与产业界的合作途径

随着经济社会发展的需要,当代日本高等教育与生产劳动和科学研究相结合的指导思想、具体内容、方式方法都发生了很大变化。最重要的就是,这一结合是高等教育以科学技术为中介而同产业界建立的稳定的合作机制。在日本,这被称为“产学合作”。就是说,大学界与产业界紧密合作,共同发展科学技术,把科学技术迅速转化为生产力,以满足经济社会发展的需要。这一合作,已经产生民巨大的经济效益和社会效益。     

研发团队多维社会资本对创新绩效的影响——知识捐赠和收集意愿的中介作用

以研发团队为研究对象，以知识捐赠意愿与知识收集意愿为中介变量，从社会资本的结构、关系和认知三个维度，探讨研发团队内部社会资本对其创新绩效的影响。利用SPSS 19.0软件，对浙江、广东、内蒙古等地高技术企业研发人员的152份问卷进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：研发团队内部社会资本的结构、关系、认知三个维度均对其创新绩效具有正向影响，但知识捐赠、收集意愿在团队社会资本的三个维度正向影响其创新绩效时均只发挥了部分中介作用，这一结果可能与研发团队内部竞争状况激烈、团队成员所分享知识的隐性程度较高以及研发团队内部知识冗余度较高有关，因此企业在相关创新管理活动中，应更加注重研发团队氛围营造、人才梯队建设和人才结构调整。     

A Hands-On Organ-Slicing Activity to Teach the Cross-Sectional Anatomy

The presentation of pre-sliced specimens is a frequently used method in the laboratory teaching of cross-sectional anatomy. In the present study, a new teaching method based on a hands-on slicing activity was introduced into the teaching of brain, heart, and liver cross-sectional anatomy. A randomized, controlled trial was performed. A total of 182 third-year medical students were randomized into a control group taught with the prosection mode (pre-sliced organ viewing) and an experimental group taught with the dissection mode (hands-on organ slicing). These teaching methods were assessed by testing the students' knowledge of cross-sectional specimens and cross-sectional radiological images, and analyzing students' feedback. Using a specimen test on three organs (brain, heart, and liver), significant differences were observed in the mean scores of the control and experimental groups: for brain 59.6% (±14.2) vs. 70.1% (±15.5), (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.17); for heart: 57.6% (±12.5) vs. 75.6% (±15.3), (P < 0.001, d = 0.30); and for liver: 60.4% (±14.5) vs. 81.7% (±14.2), (P < 0.001, d = 0.46). In a cross-sectional radiological image test, better performance was also found in the experimental group (P < 0.001). The mean scores of the control vs. experimental groups were as follows: for brain imaging 63.9% (±15.1) vs. 71.1% (±16.1); for heart imaging 64.7% (±14.5) vs. 75.2% (±15.5); and for liver imaging 61.1% (±15.5) vs. 81.2% (±14.6), respectively. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) were 0.05, 0.23, and 0.52, respectively. Students in the lower tertile benefited the most from the slicing experiences. Students' feedback was generally positive. Hands-on slicing activity can increase the effectiveness of anatomy teaching and increase students' ability to interpret radiological images.     

行政法解释的主体制度初探

在中国现行的有效的法律解释体制中,国务院以及政府主管部门作为享有行政解释权的主体行使着对行政法规和行政规章的解释权。这一体制不仅排除了具体的适用机关和行政官对行政法的解释权,而且排除了司法机关在行政执法领域中对行政法规、行政规章和行政性法律的解释权。这种制度安排并不契合行政法适用的原理,也有悖于行政法治原则。其客观后果会助长行政权力的滥用,弱化法律对行政的控制,消解了司法的最终效力性。因此,尽快建立对行政法规、行政规章的司法审查制度和优化行政法解释体制乃是必然的选择。     

美国大学教育捐赠制度的特点

自美国高等教育诞生之日起教育捐赠一直发挥着重要的作用.伴随着高等教育事业的发展美国的教育捐赠制度逐渐形成了一些明显特点.来自不同领域的捐赠在美国高等教育经费来源中占有一定的比例.大学获得的教育捐赠类型多样,募捐范围广泛.大学在捐赠资金的使用和管理上非常重视专业化和制度化操作,政府也制定了相关的法规和配套措施.美国的教育捐赠制度对于我国高等教育的发展具有借鉴意义.     

石景宜赠书与图书馆建设

石景宜先生在近三十年时间里共向图书馆等教育科研机构赠书600余万册.论文重点分析了石景宜赠书的特点,揭示了石景宜及其赠书对图书馆事业发展的重要贡献,最后探讨了石景宜赠书对图书馆人的启示意义.     

论检察机关环境行政公益诉讼参加人的确立

环境行政公益诉讼是公民、法人、团体对行政机关及其公职人员,违反环境法律、法规,造成环境污染或损害后果的行政行为提起的诉讼.检察机关作为政府或公益代表参与行政公益诉讼是世界各国的共同特点;检察权和行政权目标一致,这一特质决定了检察机关在环境行政公益诉讼中的诉讼参加人的地位;同时,国家利益、公共利益的分离是检察机关进入行政诉讼领域的必要性.确立检察机关环境行政公益诉讼参加人地位应结合<行政诉讼法>的有关规定、受案范围及参加诉讼的方式综合考虑.