锅炉余热回收水处理技术探讨

烟气-水换热器换热方式是锅炉烟气余热回收的主要方式,这其中必然要求水的软化处理。本文介绍了阻垢剂在锅炉及换热器水处理方面的阻垢原理,并以硅磷晶为例,介绍了阻垢剂在用于锅炉余热回收水处理方面的防腐阻垢过程的工作机理。     

山海经、生命智力学与藏羚羊四肢上的氧气囊

帝禹时代的国土资源考察白皮书《山海经.五藏山经》记述有一种尾部有窍口的类似麋鹿的奇异动物＂罴＂,它很可能就是藏羚羊。因为藏羚羊的四肢上部各有一个气囊,后肢气囊的窍口就在尾部。藏羚羊四肢气囊的功能是储存额外的氧气,以供藏羚羊在空气稀薄的青藏高原快速长距离奔跑时对氧气的需求。关于藏羚羊四肢氧气囊的形成原理,达尔文的＂随机微变＋自然选择＂无法解释,而生命智力学暨智因进化论却可以给予充分地解释。目前中国学术界、科学界存在着把批评达尔文、超越达尔文的科学研究视为禁区的潜规则。破除这种潜规则,为中国人的自主原始理论创新开绿灯,有助于中国国家软实力的提高。     

大学有机化学实验教学改革的探索

针对有机实验现有教材的不足,从改革实验教学内容方面对有机化学实验教学进行改革。新的实验分成基本操作实验、多步骤有机合成实验和综合性实验三部分内容,突出完整性、绿色性、实践性的特点。通过教学改革,不但顺利完成教学大纲规定的教学要求,而且全面提高学生的实验操作技术,培养学生的创新能力和科研分析能力。     

本科有机化学实验教学评价方法探索

为了客观地评定学生有机化学实验成绩,探索新的有机化学实验量化评价方法,采用"全程监控"加期末抽查评定法对学生进行全面评价,实践结果表明,本方法对促进实验教学质量的提高具有重要意义.     

发现新型环境有机污染物的基本理论与方法

20世纪以来化学污染物导致的人类健康危害日益突出,数以万计的高生产量化学品伴随着生产和使用进入环境介质,给环境科学相关领域研究提出了若干新的科学问题。文章介绍了发现新型有机污染物研究方向设立的背景和科学意义,讨论了判别新型有机污染物分子结构、环境行为特征的基本原则,阐述了定量结构—性质关系模型预测、疑似目标/非目标分析、效应导向分析方法框架的技术思路和优势。对于新型有机污染物识别、行为和效应的深入探索,将为引领学科方向发展、完善化学品风险评估标准、揭示环境污染物的毒性和健康危害机制发挥重要的支撑作用。     

A highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@metal–organic framework composite for high-performance electrochemical energy storage

Most metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hardly maintain their physical and chemical properties after exposure to alkaline aqueous solutions, thus precluding their use as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we present the design and synthesis of a highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@MOF composite, Co₃O₄ nanocube@Co-MOF (Co₃O₄@Co-MOF), via a controllable and facile one-pot hydrothermal method under highly alkaline conditions. The obtained composite possesses exceptional alkaline stability, retaining its original structure in 3.0 M KOH for at least 15 days. Benefitting from the exceptional alkaline stability, unique structure, and larger surface area, the Co₃O₄@Co-MOF composite shows a specific capacitance as high as 1020 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A  g⁻¹ and a high cycling stability with only 3.3% decay after 5000 cycles at 5 A g⁻¹. The as-constructed solid-state flexible device exhibits a maximum energy density of 21.6 mWh cm⁻³.     

Encapsulating metal organic framework into hollow mesoporous carbon sphere as efficient oxygen bifunctional electrocatalyst

Applying metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in electrochemical systems is a currently emerging field owing to the rich metal nodes and highly specific surface area of MOFs. However, the problems for MOFs that need to be solved urgently are poor electrical conductivity and low ion transport. Here we present a facile in situ growth method for the rational synthesis of MOFs@hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) yolk–shell-structured hybrid material for the first time. The size of the encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) is well controlled to 100 nm due to the spatial confinement effect of HMCS, and the electrical conductivity of ZIF-67 is also increased significantly. The ZIF@HMCS-25% hybrid material obtained exhibits a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction activity with 0.823 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) half-wave potential and an even higher kinetic current density (J_K = 13.8 mA cm⁻²) than commercial Pt/C. ZIF@HMCS-25% also displays excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance and the overpotential of ZIF@HMCS-25% at 10 mA cm⁻² is 407 mV. In addition, ZIF@HMCS-25% is further employed as an air electrode for a rechargeable Zn–air battery, exhibiting a high power density (120.2 mW cm⁻² at 171.4 mA cm⁻²) and long-term charge/discharge stability (80 h at 5 mA cm⁻²). This MOFs@HMCS yolk–shell design provides a versatile method for the application of MOFs as electrocatalysts directly.     

Molecular design revitalizes the low-cost PTV-polymer for highly efficient organic solar cells

Developing photovoltaic materials with simple chemical structures and easy synthesis still remains a major challenge in the industrialization process of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, an ester substituted poly(thiophene vinylene) derivative, PTVT-T, was designed and synthesized in very few steps by adopting commercially available raw materials. The ester groups on the thiophene units enable PTVT-T to have a planar and stable conformation. Moreover, PTVT-T presents a wide absorption band and strong aggregation effect in solution, which are the key characteristics needed to realize high performance in non-fullerene-acceptor (NFA)-based OSCs. We then prepared OSCs by blending PTVT-T with three representative fullerene- and NF-based acceptors, PC₇₁BM, IT-4F and BTP-eC9. It was found that PTVT-T can work well with all the acceptors, showing great potential to match new emerging NFAs. Particularly, a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 16.20% is achieved in a PTVT-T:BTP-eC9-based device, which is the highest value among the counterparts based on PTV derivatives. This work demonstrates that PTVT-T shows great potential for the future commercialization of OSCs.     

水稻土SOM含量高光谱模型的母质差异性研究

以青紫泥(BlueclayeyPaddysoil,BP)和红黄泥(RedPaddysoil,RP)为例,研究发育于不同成土母质的水稻土SOM含量高光谱模型的差异性.结果表明,发育于河湖沉积物的BP与发育于第四纪红色粘土母质的RP,因为土壤中所含粘土矿物的不同,加上有机质组份的差异,其SOM含量高光谱模型具有母质的独特性.无论以反射系数为自变量或是以反射系数一阶微分为自变量,BP与RP的SOM含量高光谱模型在模型所包含波段的个数和位置都有较大的差异.     

扩散工艺对6.5%WtSi高硅钢性能的影响

本文简要介绍了用电沉积-扩散工艺制造Fe-65mg.g-1高硅钢片的研制工作。电沉积工艺具有低温沉积、无强烈腐蚀、无污染、成本低、工艺操作性好的特点。对于0.5mm厚的硅钢片,用电沉积-扩散工艺处理后的磁性能为:P1.5/50=1.86 w/kg,P0.2/10000=103.2w/kg,B5000=1.64T,磁性能可与日本NKK公司CVD工艺产品相媲美。