美国对华反补贴调查中的专向性标准评析

《SCM协定》中的专向性标准可以说是美国法中的专向性标准的编纂和修改,但又有相当的丰富和发展。虽然美国1994年《乌拉圭回合协定法》对《SCM协定》作出了一定的回应,但就专向性标准而言,二者还是有不一致的地方。审视美国对华反补贴调查中的专向性标准,有值得商榷的地方,也有明显违背《SCM协定》的做法,中国政府可以根据个案的具体情况针对性地进行抗辩。在宏观层面,中国政府在经济立法和政策制定上应该未雨绸缪;在专向性国际规则的形成和发展过程中应发挥积极作用,促进更加公平合理的专向性标准的确立。     

论艾略特诗歌创作与诗歌批评的轨迹和特征

诗人艾略特在其惊世骇俗的诗作中,一反前人的种种成规,别出心裁地运用现代诗歌技巧,创造出＂荒原＂的诗歌世界,从而改变了20世纪英美诗歌发展的方向。批评家艾略特依托＂传统＂、＂非个性化＂等话语,追求诗歌批评与社会批评的＂秩序＂,开创了20世纪英美批评的先河。诗歌创作与批评之间的龃龉构成艾略特一生的主轴,也体现了他的诗歌观念与政治观念的冲突。从文学批评到文化批评,艾略特展现了一位现代主义先锋诗人与现代性语境里的知识分子的困境与抉择。     

Predicting crest settlement in concrete face rockfill dams using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and gene expression programming intelligent methods

This paper deals with the estimation of crest settlement in a concrete face rockfill dam （CFRD）, utilizing intelligent methods. Following completion of dam construction, considerable movements of the crest and the body of the dam can develop during the first impoundment of the reservoir. Although there is vast experience worldwide in CFRD design and construction, few accurate experimental relationships are available to predict the settlement in CFRD. The goal is to advance the development of intelligent methods to estimate the subsidence of dams at the design stage. Due to dam zonifieation and uncertainties in material properties, these methods appear to be the appropriate choice. In this study, the crest settlement behavior of CFRDs is analyzed based on compiled data of 24 CFRDs constructed during recent years around the world, along with the utilization of gene ex- pression programming （GEP） and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system （ANFIS） methods. In addition, dam height （H）, shape factor （St）, and time （t, time after first operation） are also assessed, being considered major factors in predicting the settlement behavior. From the relationships proposed, the values ofR2 for both equations of GEP （with and without constant） were 0.9603 and 0.9734, and for the three approaches of ANFIS （grid partitioning （GP）, subtractive clustering method （SCM）, and fuzzy c-means clustering （FCM）） were 0.9693, 0.8657, and 0.8848, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the overall behavior evaluated by this approach is consistent with the measured data of other CFRDs.     

Editorial

THE INDEPENDENT STUDY PROGRAM IN THE UNITED STATES, A REPORT ON AN UNDERGRADUATE INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD. By Robert Bonthius, F. James Davis, J. Garber Drushal, in Collaboration with Frances V. Guille and Warren P. Spencer. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957; pp. xxi+259. $4–50.

THE CHALLENGE OF SOVIET EDUCATION. By George S. Counts. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1957; pp. xii+330. $6.00.

A FOURTH OF A NATION. By Paul Woodring. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1957; pp. vii+255. $4.50.

A DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN USAGE. By Bergen Evans and Cornelia Evans. New York: Random House, 1957; pp. viii+567. $5.95.

JOSEPH GLANVILL, ANGLICAN APOLOGIST. By Jackson I. Cope. St. Louis: Washington University Studies, 1956; pp. 179. $3.75.

GRIECHISCH‐RÖMISCHE RHETORIK 1915–1925. By Georg Lehnert. Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertums‐wissenschaft, Vol. 285 (1944–1955), pp. 5–198. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &; Ruprecht, 1956. [$10.72.]

PATRICK HENRY, PATRIOT IN THE MAKING. By Robert D. Meade. (Virginia Edition.) Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1957; pp. x+431. Illustrated. $7.50.

WOODROW WILSON AND THE WORLD TODAY. Edited by Arthur P. Dudden. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957; pp. x+96. $3.75.

WILSON'S FOREIGN POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE. Edited by Edward H. Buehrig. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957; pp. 176. $4.50.

WOODROW WILSON. By Silas Bent McKinley. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957; pp. 284. $4.50.

THE DEMOCRATIC ROOSEVELT: A BIOGRAPHY OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. By Rexford G. Tugwell. New York: Double‐day, 1957; pp. 712. $8.50.

GROUP DISCUSSION PROCESSES. By John W. Keltner. New York: Longmans, Green, 1957; pp. x+373. 14.50.

THE AGE OF TELEVISION. By Leo Bogart. New York: Ungar, 1956; pp. xii+348. $6.50.

BRITISH RADIO DRAMA 1922–56. A Survey by Val Gielgud with a Foreword by Sir William Haley, K.C.M.G. London: Harrap, 1957; pp. 207, 15/.

TRAGEDY. By William G. McCollom. New York: Macmillan, 1957; pp. ix+254. $5.00.

ON THE DESIGN OF SHAKESPEARIAN TRAGEDY. By Harold S. Wilson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957; pp. 256. $5.00.

ENGLISH SENTIMENTAL DRAMA. By Arthur Sherbo. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1957; pp. viii+181. $4.50.

THE IRRESISTIBLE THEATRE. By W. Bridges‐Adams. Cleveland and New York: World, 1957; pp. xiv+446. $6.00.

THE VARIORUM EDITION OF THE POEMS OF W. B. YEATS. Edited by Peter Allt and Russell K. Alspach. New York: Macmillan, 1957; pp. xxxvi+884. $18.50.     

Belief,Doubt and Reason: C. S. Peirce on education

In this paper, we explore Peirce's work for insights into a theory of learning and cognition for education. Our focus for this exploration is Peirce's paper The Fixation of Belief (FOB), originally published in 1877 in Popular Science Monthly. We begin by examining Peirce's assertion that the study of logic is essential for understanding thought and reasoning. We explicate Peirce's view of the nature of reasoning itself—the characteristic guiding principles or ‘habits of mind’ that underlie acts of inference, the dimensions of and interaction between doubt and belief, and his four methods of resolving or ‘fixing’ belief (i.e., tenacity, authority, a priori, and experimentation). The four methods are then juxtaposed against current models of teaching and learning such as constructivism, schema theory, situated cognition, and inquiry learning. Finally, we discuss Peirce's modes of inference as they relate educationally to the resolution of doubt and beliefs and offer an example of belief resolution from an experienced teacher in a professional development environment.     

科学技术在构建和谐社会中的悖论性——重读《科学的社会功能》

随着社会的进步、人类的发展,科学、技术和社会的关系日益密切,科学技术在社会发展中的作用日益突出,贝尔纳的《科学的社会功能》对于正确认识科学技术与社会的关系具有开拓意义。在重读该书的基础上,深入分析了科学技术的社会功能在人类历史和社会发展中善与恶的悖论性,提出在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中,更应充分认识科学技术的基础推动作用,并重视科技伦理。     

细胞信号转导网络模型简化的一种混合推理方法

细胞信号转导网络的结构复杂,规模庞大,建立的数学模型维数高,变量多,具有高度非线性。在复杂系统分析设计中,模型简化始终是主要的研究问题之一。提出一种基于混合推理方法的模型简化策略,利用代谢控制分析、敏感性分析、主元分析和通量分析相结合,降低系统模型维数,减少生化反应个数,简化系统结构。以NF-κB信号转导网络作为研究对象,原模型由24个常微分方程和64个参数组成,简化模型则包括17个常微分方程,1个代数方程和52个参数。仿真结果表明,简化模型能够准确地预测系统的动态特性,为模型分析和参数辨识提供方便,验证了模型简化策略的有效性。     

特色数据库建设和信息超载的悖论研究及解决方案

针对特色资源数据库建设和信息超载之间所存在的悖论问题,通过对解决这一悖论常见方式的考察和反思,指出解决这一悖论需要从完善数据库指南、提升把关人和用户信息素质、跨库检索及一站式信息服务和个性化知识门户等方面入手,最终使两者步入良性循环。     

认知逻辑——对休谟问题的一种解决方案

休谟认为人的归纳认识过程不是一个逻辑推理的过程,而是一个习惯心理过程。罗素为解决休谟问题而提出归纳原则。金岳霖等人力图证明归纳原则是永真命题,但未对可能命题作出语义解释。该文用欣迪卡的认知逻辑理论及其模型集语义刻画归纳推理,证明罗素的归纳原则在这种逻辑中是有效的。我们还得到另一个有趣的结果。     

从人工智能看当代逻辑学的发展

文章认为,计算机科学和人工智能将是21世纪逻辑学发展的主要动力源泉,并且在很大程度上将决定21世纪逻辑学的面貌。至少在21世纪早期,逻辑学将重点关注下列论题:(1)如何在逻辑中处理常识推理的弗协调、非单调和容错性因素;(2)如何使机器人具有人的创造性智能,如从经验证据中建立用于指导以后行动的可错的归纳判断;(3)如何进行知识表示和知识推理,特别是基于已有的知识库以及各认知主体相互之间的知识而进行的推理;(4)如何结合各种语境因素进行自然语言理解和推理,使智能机器人能够用人的自然语言与人进行成功的交际等等。