足球守门员在防守点球运动情境中眼动特征的研究

采用美国应用科学实验室(ASL)生产的504型眼动仪,以10名专业足球守门员和10名大学生足球守门员为被试,以防守点球为运动情境片段,对专业守门员的眼动特征进行实验性研究,比较两组守门员的眼动实验结果,探讨守门员在防守点球时眼动特征对决策准确性的影响.实验结果表明:1)在防守点球情境中,专业守门员与大学生守门员的眼动特征存在明显差异;2)专业守门员采用了相对合理的视觉搜索策略,注视点集中,注视分配主次明显,注视轨迹简单、实用,信息实效性更强;3)罚球运动员的支撑脚、摆动腿、脚触球是决定射门方向的主要观察点.在防守时,重点注视这三个区域,结合临场经验做出分析判断,可有效提高防守点球成功率;4)运动水平和临场经验对准确做出防守决策至关重要,运动水平越高,临场经验越丰富,防守决策准确率越高.     

对提高篮球罚球命中率训练的探讨

无论是NBA赛季比赛,还是奥运会的决赛,在罚球线上决定胜负的场面越来越多。本文通过实验对比法和数理统计法,从影响篮球罚球命中率技术因素进行研究。结果表明,经过罚球技术训练的学生,罚球命中率明显提高。并指出在罚球技术稳定的前提下,与影响罚球命中率的其它因素进行综合训练,从而达到罚球命中率的全面提高。     

Early visual cues associated with a directional place kick in soccer

The purpose of this paper was to establish postural cues in kicking that may be of use to goalkeepers. Eight male soccer players (age 20.5 ± 1.1 yrs; height 1.78 ± 0.053 m; mass 75.18 ± 9.66 kg) performed three types of kick: a low side-foot kick to the left hand corner of the goal, a low side-foot kick straight ahead, and a low instep kick straight ahead. Kicks were recorded by an optoelectronic motion analysis system at 240 Hz. At kicking foot take-off (about 200 ms before ball contact) the variables which were significantly different and could act as cues were support foot progression angle, pelvis rotation, and kicking hip and ankle flexion. The support foot progression angle was considered to be the most valuable of these variables as its angle coincided with the direction of ball projection. The other variables were less clear in their interpretation and so less valuable for a goalkeeper to use for decision making. Cues appearing after support foot contact were thought unlikely to be of value to a goalkeeper in their decision making. These include kicking leg knee flexion angle, and support leg shank and thigh angles.     

论我国刑罚结构之应然选择——以《刑法修正案（八）》为视角的分析

受严峻的社会治安形势和民众传统报应情感的影响,中国现行刑罚结构属于典型的重刑刑罚结构。而随着人类社会文明的发展和对刑罚功能的反思,刑罚结构趋轻化已成为世界各国刑法改革的方向。以死刑和自由刑为主导地位的重刑结构的中国刑法受到了质疑,应在《刑法修正案（八）》的基础上,再进一步大幅度地削减死刑罪名,调整死刑与无期徒刑、有期徒刑之间的结构关系,提高罚金刑的地位和增设轻刑刑种等方面对刑罚的设置进行结构性的改革。     

中央银行重复调运协调机制的有效性研究

   在人民币发行与流通管理中,激励商业银行等私营金融机构履行其全额清分义务,减少重复调运有利于缓解中央银行在现金发行与清分处理上的成本压力。本文基于人民币现金闭环供应链框架,构建了商业银行的现金运行成本模型,分析了不同类型的商业银行在弹性罚款机制下现金清分与调运的最优策略,证明了该罚款机制能够激励商业银行对回笼现金进行全额清分,且对不同存取业务的银行具有奖励与惩罚双重作用。通过数值算例,深入讨论了弹性罚款机制对商业银行的重复调运量和现金运行成本的影响效果。研究结果表明：在弹性循环罚款和央行现行的代理发行库的双重机制下,商业银行重复调运量的降低幅度随单位押运成本的增加而增加,随现金保管价格和私人清分价格的降低而增加。对商业银行的现金运行成本的影响效果与央行清分服务价格同向变化,与代理发行库现金保管价格和私人清分价格成反向关系。     

刍议我国反商业贿赂刑事法律规制——以《联合国反腐败公约》为视角

加入《联合国反腐败公约》以后,我国对商业贿赂的治理越来越重视。体现在刑事立法领域,主要有《刑法修案(六)》对有关商业贿赂犯罪的条款作了补充修改和完善,两高《关于办理商业贿赂刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》的发布,成效卓著。但在商业贿赂刑事构成、法律责任形式、行贿与受贿关系等方面仍存在着缺陷,为此,完善我国反商业贿赂刑事法律规制有着重大的学术和司法实践意义。     

违约赔偿责任研究

违约赔偿责任是债务人不履行债务的后果。各国立法对违约赔偿范围规定不尽相同。违约赔偿原则的适用有利于最大限度地保护非违约方的利益,保障交易安全。根据公平原则,我国的合同法对于完全赔偿权责的适用也作了若干损害赔偿限制性规定。     

The development of a method for identifying penalty kick strategies in association football

Penalty takers in association football adopt either a keeper-independent or a keeper-dependent strategy, with the benefits of the keeper-independent strategy presumed to be greater. Yet, despite its relevance for research and practitioners, thus far no method for identifying penalty kick strategies has been available. To develop a validated and reliable method, Experiment 1 assessed characteristics that observers should use to distinguish the two strategies. We asked participants to rate 12 characteristics of pre-recorded clips of kicks of penalty takers that used either a keeper-independent or keeper-dependent strategy. A logistic regression model identified three variables (attention to the goalkeeper, run-up fluency and kicking technique) that in combination predicted kick strategy in 92% of the penalties. We used the model in Experiment 2 to analyse prevalence and efficacy of both the strategies for penalty kicks in penalty shoot-outs during FIFA World Cups (1986–2010) and UEFA Football Championships (1984–2012). The keeper-independent strategy was used much more frequently (i.e., 78–86%) than the keeper-dependent strategy, but successes did not differ. Penalty takers should use both the strategies to be less predictable. Goalkeepers can use the developed model to improve their chances to succeed by adjusting their behaviour to penalty takers’ preferred penalty kick strategy.     

基于个性化和生活化的高职创新创业课程模块化设计

创新创业课程整体设计针对高职院校创新创业课程中存在着碎片化、非理性化和目标单一化问题,提出以整体性、个性化和生活化为理念,以培养学生的创新创业素质为目标。课程分为基础性阶段、发展性阶段和平衡性阶段,三个阶段层层递进、相互衔接。据此可以把课程内容划分为基础创新模块、专业创新模块、自主创业模块、社会创业模块和平衡模块等可供自主选择的模块,把叙事和案例教学、实践教学加以整合,从而使创新创业教育成为激发学生潜能、促进学生全面发展的教育本质回归。     

近代中国警察治安处罚职权的扩张--以《违警罚法》的立法演进为视角

伴随着近代中国警政的发展,以《违警罚法》为首的治安处罚法规的立法渐趋细密,主要呈现出三个方面的特点：重点监控流动人口;广泛援引治安章程予以处罚;制定诸多条款强行灌输国家观念。上述立法演变揭示了近代中国警察治安处罚职权的扩张,彰显了当权政府通过立法寻求权力扩张的努力。