Motor coordination,physical activity and fitness as predictors of longitudinal change in adiposity during childhood

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of motor coordination (MC), physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) on the development of subcutaneous adiposity in a sample of children followed longitudinally from 6 to 10 years of age. Participants were 142 girls and 143 boys. Height, weight, and the triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured annually between the ages of 6 and 10 years. PA was estimated with the Godin–Shephard questionnaire. MC was evaluated with the Körperkoordination Test für Kinder (KTK) test battery, and PF was assessed with four Fitnessgram tests: curl-ups (CU), push-ups (PU), trunk-lifts (TL) and one mile run/walk (MRW). Hierarchical linear modelling with MC, PF items and PA as predictors of the sum of two skinfolds (SKF) was used. The results showed that boys and girls differed significantly in SKF at baseline (girls: 19.7 mm; boys: 16.6 mm). Three PF items (CU, PU and MRW) and MC had a positive influence on SKF. For each unit improvement in CU, PU, MRW and MC, SKF was reduced by 0.06, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.12 mm, respectively. In conclusion, motor coordination, muscular strength and endurance, and aerobic endurance attenuated the accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue during childhood.     

Embodied perception in sport

Embodied perception theory proposes that rather than being solely determined by the physical properties of the world, our perception of the objects in our environment is scaled by our ability to interact with them. On the surface, this idea is consistent with the common observation of highly skilled athletes that targets look bigger and/or move more slowly when performance level is high. In this review, I first examine recent empirical evidence that supports the idea that the perception of objects in the sporting environment is embodied. I next consider the specific mechanisms underlying embodiment in sport and discuss its potential functional value for athletes in terms of action selection. Finally, I explore how embodied perception might be exploited on a practical level to improve skill acquisition and evaluate training programs in sport.     

Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (Part I)

Since a 1997 review by Karageorghis and Terry, which highlighted the state of knowledge and methodological weaknesses, the number of studies investigating musical reactivity in relation to exercise has swelled considerably. In this two-part review paper, the development of conceptual approaches and mechanisms underlying the effects of music are explicated (Part I), followed by a critical review and synthesis of empirical work (spread over Parts I and II). Pre-task music has been shown to optimise arousal, facilitate task-relevant imagery and improve performance in simple motoric tasks. During repetitive, endurance-type activities, self-selected, motivational and stimulative music has been shown to enhance affect, reduce ratings of perceived exertion, improve energy efficiency and lead to increased work output. There is evidence to suggest that carefully selected music can promote ergogenic and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise, although it appears to be ineffective in reducing perceptions of exertion beyond the anaerobic threshold. The effects of music appear to be at their most potent when it is used to accompany self-paced exercise or in externally valid conditions. When selected according to its motivational qualities, the positive impact of music on both psychological state and performance is magnified. Guidelines are provided for future research and exercise practitioners.     

运动技能获得中的内隐学习与外显学习及其实质

运动技能获得中,人类存在着两种性质不同的并行的信息加工过程:一种是人们熟知的外显学习,具有随意性、需耗费心神、心理资源有限等特点;另一种是人们最新研究发现的内隐学习,具有不随意性、无需耗费心神、心理资源无限等特点。这两种学习机能是人脑的整体功能,在技能学习中相互协同,在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

论运动技能

运动技能是在一定运动形式下,与运动技术结合一体的运动能力;运动能力是运动技能的内在尺度,运动技术是运动技能的外在尺度;运动技能概括地反映了运动实践的全过程,是衡量体育运动个体化程度的量度。     

运动技能学习与控制的闭环控制模式

通过对运动技能学习与控制的闭环控制模式的组成及其在运动技能学习与控制过程中的机制的阐述,以及对闭环控制模式中视觉控制的简要介绍,来建构运动技能学习与控制的认知模式,丰富有关运动技能学习与控制的认知理论内容,推动我国运动认知心理学的发展。     

内隐认知优越性在运动技能学习中的体现及启示

内隐认知是人类认知系统的重要组成部分，对内隐认知的发现和研究为更加全面深入地认识人类认知系统的多重性及其发展的内在规律提供了新的视角。其研究广泛，涉及到语言学习，规则提取，运动技能，社会认知等领域，本着重分析了运动技能学习中内隐认知的优越性，并在此基础上为体育教学提出了建议。     

三级跳远的基本体能训练

运用运动生物科学的理论和运动训练的基本原理,针对三级跳远项目的特点,提出了三级跳远的基本体能训练原则,方法及注意事项。     

船舶大功率发电机的神经网络建模

应用径向基函数神经网络对船用大功率柴油发电机进行了建模,分别对柴油发电机空载起动、1台发电机在网运行时滑油泵起动和2台发电机在网运行时船舶侧推器起动时的船舶电力系统运行工况进行了学习和训练。从模型算法用数字信号处理器编程计算和运行看出,径向基函数神经网络船用同步发电机的非线性模型能适应快速计算的要求。