The different faces of controlling teaching: implications of a distinction between externally and internally controlling teaching for students’ motivation in physical education

Background: In Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a well-validated macro-theory on human motivation, a distinction is made between internally controlling teaching practices (e.g. guilt-induction and shaming) and externally controlling practices (e.g. threats and punishments, commands). While both practices are said to undermine students’ motivation, they would do so through somewhat differential motivational processes. Unfortunately, the relevance of the conceptual distinction between internally and externally controlling strategies has not been examined systematically. In the context of sport and physical education (PE), most studies on controlling teaching have either measured controlling teaching in an undifferentiated way or have focused on one particular feature of controlling teaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a more fine-grained picture on the differential de-motivational effects of internally and externally controlling teaching strategies in the domain of PE.

Participants: A total of 925 students with an average age of 15.80 years (±1.99) coming out of 92 classes taught by 22 different PE teachers participated in the present study.

Data analysis: Data on perceived controlling teaching style and students’ motivation were analyzed within a multilevel framework from both a variable-centered (regression analyses) and person-centered approach (cluster analyses).

Results: We found evidence for a distinction between perceived internally and externally controlling teaching. Both teaching styles were strongly related to each other (r?=?.54). At the level of zero-order correlations, both internally and externally controlling teaching related negatively to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation and related positively to introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. However, when both teaching styles were included simultaneously as predictors of motivation in the regression analyses, only internally controlling teaching predicted poor quality and low quantity of motivation. A cluster analysis revealed different profiles of perceived controlling teaching style, with two profiles being characterized by either high or low levels of the two types of controlling teaching and other profiles displaying elevated or reduced levels of one of the types of controlling teaching. This person-centered analysis confirmed that particularly students who perceive their PE teacher as internally controlling are likely to report poor-quality motivation.

Conclusion: Controlling teaching (and internally controlling teaching in particular) is related to maladaptive motivational outcomes. As such, it can be advised to PE-practitioners to refrain from using controlling strategies when teaching students. More research is needed to identify the conditions under which teachers’ behavior is perceived as externally and/or internally controlling.     

张载教学论浅析

教育的首要任务是树立学生远大的志向与“诚心”。教师教学应因材施教、富有启发、“躬行力行” ;学生学习应“博学穷理”、努力实践、获取真知     

英语教学中如何有效地培养学生的语感

在科技迅速发展的21世纪,英语作为一种在信息交流方面广泛运用的语言工具,越来越受到人们的重视。学习者都期盼有一种速成法在短时间内能将英语水平有大幅度的提高。学语言应该找到感觉,也就是说,要培养语感。     

幼儿快乐英语情境教学——南京晓庄学院学前教育专业幼儿英语教学法课程改革

幼儿英语教学法已经成为学前教育新兴的一门专业课程,幼儿英语教学法课程改革是一项具有创新意义的课题。改革后的课程在授课模式上讲求理论与实践的紧密结合,在授课内容上强调与语言课程的分离,其基本特征为平等对话、角色变换、园园合作、共同创造。     

国外字词识别研究对阅读教学的意义

自上个世纪90年代以来,字词识别研究再次成为心理学领域的一个热点问题,国外心理学界在这方面取得了一些进展。其中,关于字词识别心理机制的研究,不仅使我们更加深入地了解了字词识别在篇章理解中的作用,而且,也为语篇理解和阅读教学提供了重要的方法论启示。     

在《综合英语》课教学中培养学生的思维能力

陈述培养思维能力的意义，分析目前我国外语教学思维能力培养存在问题的原因，讨论思维能力的内涵及其和英语教学的关系，结合《综合英语》课教学提出了训练思维能力的9种方法。     

The analysis and forecasting of male cycling time trial records established within England and Wales

The format of cycling time trials in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, involves riders competing individually over several fixed race distances of 10–100 miles in length and using time constrained formats of 12 and 24 h in duration. Drawing on data provided by the national governing body that covers the regions of England and Wales, an analysis of six male competition record progressions was undertaken to illustrate its progression. Future forecasts are then projected through use of the Singular Spectrum Analysis technique. This method has not been applied to sport-based time series data before. All six records have seen a progressive improvement and are non-linear in nature. Five records saw their highest level of record change during the 1950–1969 period. Whilst new record frequency generally has reduced since this period, the magnitude of performance improvement has generally increased. The Singular Spectrum Analysis technique successfully provided forecasted projections in the short to medium term with a high level of fit to the time series data.     

对大学英语词汇教学的若干理论思考

词汇是语言大厦的基础。在英语教学中，词汇教学至关重要，要针对当前存在的问题，改进教学方法，注重示范引导，帮助学生有效地学习掌握词汇，不断扩大词汇量，进而提高英语运用能力。     

手工教学策略新探

当今,虽然对于"创造教育"的研究早已成为不"时尚"的课题,人们对此也做过许多有关方面的探索研究,但倘若我们冷静反思当前高职高专学院美术学科手工课程教学的现状,便会发现其教学策略仍然停滞在长期以来一直沿用的在"继承"的基础上谈"设计"的模式上,仍存在着对"创造"内涵认识的浅表化及创造技术的单一化。我们只有以宏观的角度、全新的现代"创造学"科学理论重新审视与指导"创造教育,"把教育目标锁定在引导学生自主研究如何对传统项目进行全方位的"技术革新"上,把培养学生的开拓创新能力摆在第一位,才能真正从实质上实现拓宽学生的思路,全方位激发其创造灵感,使其思维更富有创见性。     

A coach’s political use of video-based feedback: a case study in elite-level academy soccer

This paper examines the video-based pedagogical practices of Terry (pseudonym), a head coach of a professional junior academy squad. Data were collected through 6 in-depth, semi-structured interviews and 10 field observations of Terry’s video-based coaching in situ. Three embracing categories were generated from the data. These demonstrated that Terry’s video-based coaching was far from apolitical. Rather, Terry strategically used performance analysis technologies to help fulfil various objectives and outcomes that he understood to be expected of him within the club environment. Kelchtermans’ micropolitical perspective, Callero’s work addressing role and Groom et al.’s grounded theory were primarily utilised to make sense of Terry’s perceptions and actions. The findings point to the value of developing contextually grounded understandings of coaches’ uses of video-based performance analysis technology. Doing so could better prepare coaches for this aspect of their coaching practice.