我校学生身体素质状况调查分析

通过对我校９６──９９级学生的身体素质状况进行调查分析，提出了几条建议，为搞好体育教学，发展学生身体素质，提高教学质量提供依据。     

认清形势深化高校体育教育改革

进入新世纪 ,我国高校体育的教学内容、教学方法将更具多样性 ,教育目标将从单纯的身体教育观发展到终身体育观 ,对高校体育教师也提出更高、更全面的要求。     

如何培养大学生的体育能力

大学生体育能力，集中反映了大学体育教学的质量，在高校体育教学中，应突破单纯为运动技术教学而教学，加强体育能力的培养，适应现代社会进步的需要。     

核心稳定训练对篮球运动员核心区域肌电、身体素质的影响

以中国戏曲学院篮球男运动员为研究对象,运用文献资料法、实验法、数理统计法对核心稳定性训练对篮球运动员核心区域肌电身体素质影响进行实验研究,探讨核心稳定性训练对篮球运动员的影响。对身体素质指标以及核心区域肌电进行实验前和实验后测试。训练每周2次,每次60min,在8周的核心稳定性训练后对核心区域肌电、身体素质的各项指标进行了测试。结果:实验后经测试发现实验组中反映核心区域肌电、身体素质的各项指标都有了及其显著性的提高(P<0.01)。结论:核心稳定性训练能够有效的提高核心区域肌电、身体素质,有助于运动技能的发挥和身体素质的提高。     

The different faces of controlling teaching: implications of a distinction between externally and internally controlling teaching for students’ motivation in physical education

Background: In Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a well-validated macro-theory on human motivation, a distinction is made between internally controlling teaching practices (e.g. guilt-induction and shaming) and externally controlling practices (e.g. threats and punishments, commands). While both practices are said to undermine students’ motivation, they would do so through somewhat differential motivational processes. Unfortunately, the relevance of the conceptual distinction between internally and externally controlling strategies has not been examined systematically. In the context of sport and physical education (PE), most studies on controlling teaching have either measured controlling teaching in an undifferentiated way or have focused on one particular feature of controlling teaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a more fine-grained picture on the differential de-motivational effects of internally and externally controlling teaching strategies in the domain of PE.

Participants: A total of 925 students with an average age of 15.80 years (±1.99) coming out of 92 classes taught by 22 different PE teachers participated in the present study.

Data analysis: Data on perceived controlling teaching style and students’ motivation were analyzed within a multilevel framework from both a variable-centered (regression analyses) and person-centered approach (cluster analyses).

Results: We found evidence for a distinction between perceived internally and externally controlling teaching. Both teaching styles were strongly related to each other (r?=?.54). At the level of zero-order correlations, both internally and externally controlling teaching related negatively to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation and related positively to introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. However, when both teaching styles were included simultaneously as predictors of motivation in the regression analyses, only internally controlling teaching predicted poor quality and low quantity of motivation. A cluster analysis revealed different profiles of perceived controlling teaching style, with two profiles being characterized by either high or low levels of the two types of controlling teaching and other profiles displaying elevated or reduced levels of one of the types of controlling teaching. This person-centered analysis confirmed that particularly students who perceive their PE teacher as internally controlling are likely to report poor-quality motivation.

Conclusion: Controlling teaching (and internally controlling teaching in particular) is related to maladaptive motivational outcomes. As such, it can be advised to PE-practitioners to refrain from using controlling strategies when teaching students. More research is needed to identify the conditions under which teachers’ behavior is perceived as externally and/or internally controlling.     

Mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on health-related fitness and physical activity: the ATLAS cluster randomised controlled trial

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of resistance training skill competency on percentage of body fat, muscular fitness and physical activity among a sample of adolescent boys participating in a school-based obesity prevention intervention. Participants were 361 adolescent boys taking part in the Active Teen Leaders Avoiding Screen-time (ATLAS) cluster randomised controlled trial: a school-based program targeting the health behaviours of economically disadvantaged adolescent males considered “at-risk” of obesity. Body fat percentage (bioelectrical impedance), muscular fitness (hand grip dynamometry and push-ups), physical activity (accelerometry) and resistance training skill competency were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (i.e., 8 months). Three separate multi-level mediation models were analysed to investigate the potential mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on each of the study outcomes using a product-of-coefficients test. Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The intervention had a significant impact on the resistance training skill competency of the boys, and improvements in skill competency significantly mediated the effect of the intervention on percentage of body fat and the combined muscular fitness score. No significant mediated effects were found for physical activity. Improving resistance training skill competency may be an effective strategy for achieving improvements in body composition and muscular fitness in adolescent boys.     

Physiological profile of a professional boxer preparing for Title Bout: A case study

This study aimed to (1) profile a professional boxer (23 years and 80 kg) with boxing-specific, muscle function, aerobic capacity and body composition tests, and (2) quantify how these measures varied during an 8-week preparation phase leading to, and post a state-Title Bout fought in the 76.2-kg class. A series of boxing-specific and muscle function tests were completed on 11 occasions: 9 prior and twice after the bout, each separated by approximately 2 weeks. The boxing test included 36 maximal punches (9 of each: lead and rear straights, lead and rear hooks) to a punching integrator measuring forces and velocity. Muscle function tests included countermovement jump, drop-jumps, isometric mid-thigh pull and isometric bench-press. Body composition was assessed using skin-fold measurements on three occasions and one dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Aerobic capacity was assessed using 2 VO₂ max tests. Leading up to the bout, performance decreased in isometric mid-thigh pull (8%), isometric bench-press (5%), countermovement jump (15%) and impact forces in 3 of 4 punches (4%–7%). Whereas measures of dynamic and isometric muscle function remained depressed or unchanged post competition, punching forces (6%–15%) and aerobic power (6%) increased. Data suggest the athlete may have super-compensated following rest as fatigue dissipated and further adaptation occurred.     

Accelerometer data requirements for reliable estimation of habitual physical activity and sedentary time of children during the early years - a worked example following a stepped approach

This study presents a worked example of a stepped process to reliably estimate the habitual physical activity and sedentary time of a sample of young children. A total of 299 children (2.9 ± 0.6 years) were recruited. Outcome variables were daily minutes of total physical activity, sedentary time, moderate to vigorous physical activity and proportional values of each variable. In total, 282 (94%) provided 3 h of accelerometer data on ≥1 day and were included in a 6-step process: Step-1: determine minimum wear-time; Step-2: process 7-day-data; Step-3: determine the inclusion of a weekend day; Step-4: examine day-to-day variability; Step-5: calculate single day intraclass correlation (ICC) (2,1); Step-6: calculate number of days required to reach reliability. Following the process the results were, Step-1: 6 h was estimated as minimum wear-time of a standard day. Step-2: 98 (32%) children had ≥6 h wear on 7 days. Step-3: no differences were found between weekdays and weekend days (P ≥ 0.05). Step-4: no differences were found between day-to-day variability (P ≥ 0.05). Step-5: single day ICC’s (2,1) ranged from 0.48 (total physical activity and sedentary time) to 0.53 (proportion of moderate to vigorous physical activity). Step-6: to reach reliability (ICC = 0.7), 3 days were required for all outcomes. In conclusion following a 7 day wear protocol, ≥6 h on any 3 days was found to have acceptable reliability. The stepped-process offers researchers a method to derive sample-specific wear-time criterion.     

现代竞技体育体能训练对改善女大学生脊柱功能的研究

脊柱功能是衡量人体健康水平的重要指标,对人体保持高质量的学习、生活和工作状态产生直接的影响。如何运用有效的训练改善和提高人体脊柱功能,应引起高度的重视。以黑龙江省30名女大学生为研究对象,制定有针对性的训练方案,进行为期3个月的运动干预实验,分5个阶段进行训练监控及训练效果评估。结果显示：全体受试对象脊柱直背趋势最为显著,脊柱姿势、柔韧性、稳定性整体较差,脊柱疾病风险较高;通过动态拉伸、颈肩及腰等功能性训练对改善女大学生脊柱功能效果显著;实施训练方案后,在第30天改善效果最为明显。     

西北民族大学彝、瑶、哈尼族学生身体机能、素质、形态的调查与分析

收集西北民族大学2013-2014学年在校彝族、瑶族、哈尼族学生身体机能、身体素质、身体形态3个方面的体质健康测试数据,对测试结果进行统计分析,整合体能测试数据,对比分析彝族、瑶族、哈尼族学生身体机能、素质、形态体质健康的差异,讨论彝族、瑶族、哈尼族学生体质健康存在差异的原因并提出建议。按照《国家学生体质健康标准》的评分标准进行数据统计,结果显示:彝族、瑶族、哈尼族3个民族大学生体质健康测试的总合格率为89.8%(其中彝族为93.4%,瑶族为89.3%,哈尼族为86.8%)。比较以上数据,彝族大学生的身体健康体质优于瑶族和哈尼族,研究比较客观的反映了3个民族的体质健康特征差异。