病毒中的多态性研究与防范

病毒多态技术是当今病毒技术研究的热点和难点。将多态技术应用于病毒中,可以使病毒特征码不固定或者没有特征码,给病毒查杀带来很大的困难。本文在深入分析和研究了病毒多态的原理后,提出了多态引擎的关键技术,为查杀各种变种病毒提供了理论依据。     

Meta-analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">C242T</Emphasis> polymorphism in <Emphasis Type="Italic">CYBA</Emphasis> genes: risk of acute coronary syndrome is lower in Asians but not in Caucasians

Background

A lot of studies have demonstrated that C242T polymorphism in CYBA genes may play an important role in the pathological process of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, the results are not consistent. To further evaluate this debate, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the relationship between C242T polymorphism and ACS.

Methods and results

We screened PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCIO, and EMBASE research reports until Mar. 2014 and extracted data from 10 studies involving 6102 ACS patients and 8669 controls. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity documented a significant decreased risk of ACS for C242T polymorphism in the Asian population under allelic comparison (odd ratio (OR) 0.73; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.64–0.83), dominant model (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.62–0.82), and homozygote comparison (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.35–0.92). However, in the overall population and especially with Caucasians, no significant association was uncovered. Further meta-regression analysis revealed that the heterogeneity among studies was largely attributed to ethnicity. No publication bias was detected through a funnel plot and an Egger’s linear regression test.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results suggest that the C242T polymorphism might be a protective factor against developing ACS in the Asian population. Further researches will be needed to identify the confounding factors which modified the protective effect of T allele among Caucasians.

     

The association between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and noncontact acute ankle sprains

Ankle sprains are one of the most severe musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries during physical activity. Although many risk factors have been offered, it is unclear why some individuals develop noncontact ankle sprains when participating in comparable levels of physical exertion under identical environmental conditions and others do not. The ACTN3 gene that encodes the α-actinin-3 protein, which is, only expressed in the Z line of fast glycolytic muscle fibres was found to associate with power/strength performance. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether the ACTN3 gene polymorphism is associated with noncontact acute ankle sprains. One hundred and forty-two participants with clinically diagnosed noncontact acute ankle sprains as well as 280 physically active controls participants without any history of ankle sprains were included in this case–control genetic association study. The RR genotype (odds ratio (OR) = 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32–0.65, P = 0.011) and R allele (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.37–0.68, P = 0.002) of the ACTN3 were significantly low-represented in the acute ankle sprains group compared with the control group. The ACTN3 R577X is associated with acute ankle sprains in Chinese participants in this study. This is the first study to suggest that an individual with a RR genotype is at a decreased risk of acute ankle sprains.     

急性高山病发生与低氧运动习服中人血清ET-1水平及其基因多态性

目的:研究急性高山病(AMS)发生及低氧运动习服中血清ET-1水平的变化趋势及ET-1基因多态与其水平的关系。方法:Phase 1:模拟海拔4 800 m低氧环境,49名北方汉族大学生急性暴露6 h,入舱30min后以恒定负荷蹬车20 min,常氧安静(NMⅠ)和急性低氧暴露结束(HYⅠ)时测定血清ET-1水平。Phase 2:恢复1周后,48名受试者在模拟环境下进行3周渐进式低氧训练。恢复1周,重复Phase 1的低氧暴露和运动,常氧安静(NMⅡ)和急性低氧暴露结束(HYⅡ)时测定ET-1水平。PCR-RFLP法检测受试者ET-1基因T8000C及G5665T位点基因型和等位基因频率。结果:1)低氧暴露后受试者的ET-1水平上升不显著,AMS组与非AMS组间的ET-1变化量△1(HYⅠ-NMⅠ)差异也不显著。3周低氧训练后,低氧习服与未习服组的ET-1水平在再次低氧暴露后均上升,上升幅度△4(HYⅡ-NMⅡ)均比初次暴露时(△3(HYⅠ-NMⅠ))增多,但仅低氧习服组的ET-1水平和△4上升显著。2)G5665T及T8000C位点不同基因型和等位基因携带者的AMS发生率及AMS评分变化趋势差异均不显著。低氧暴露后,G5665T/GG和T8000C/TT组的ET-1水平上升,G5665T/GT+TT和T8000C/TC+CC组的ET-1水平下降,但各组的ET-1水平变化及组间的ET-1变化量△1(HYⅠ-NMⅠ)差异均不显著。3周低氧训练后,各基因型组的ET-1水平在低氧暴露后均比NMⅡ时上升,变化幅度△4(HYⅡ-NMⅡ)均比初次暴露后(△3(HYⅠ-NMⅠ))增加,但差异均不显著。结论:1)血清ET-1水平对低氧不敏感,ET-1变化量△1不能作为AMS易感性辅助评价指标。3周低氧训练后,低氧习服与未习服组的ET-1水平在再次低氧暴露后变化程度不同,导致两组低氧习服效果迥异。2)G5665T和T8000C位点不是AMS易感及低氧习服的遗传学标记。G5665T与T8000C位点不同基因型组的ET-1水平在初次低氧暴露时变化趋势不同,在再次低氧暴露时变化趋势相同,但ET-1水平变化仅与低氧有关,与基因多态无关。     

中国北方汉族人群AR基因(CAG)n多态性与跑节省化的关联性研究

目的探讨AR基因外显子1(CAG)n重复多态性在中国北方汉族男性群体的分布特征以及其与跑节省化初始值及训练敏感性的关联性。方法对101名无训练史的健康男子进行18 w的耐力训练,测定训练前后12 km/h跑速下的跑节省化相关指标。GeneScan加测序的方法分析AR基因(CAG)n多态性。结果(1)中国北方汉族男性人群中AR基因(CAG)n重复多态存在15种等位基因,其中(CAG)22次重复等位基因分布频率最高,达到19%;(2)连续分割方法划分基因型,发现≤23次重复组RE的VO2初始值显著高于>23次重复组;但不同基因型的RE的训练敏感性没有显著性差异。结论AR基因(CAG)n重复多态性与跑节省化的初始值存在关联,但与训练效果无关联性。     

单核苷酸多态性在运动人体科学中的作用

单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）是基因组中最常见的一种遗传模式。随着人类基因组计划的完成，人们越来越重视它的医学意义和应用，特别是利用SNPs进行连锁分析和关联分析，定位和寻找疾病致病基因方面有了很大进展，本文在SNPs医学知识的基础上探讨SNPs在运动人体科学中的应用。以期为竞技体育成绩的提高提供理论支持。从而得出SNPs有助于基因选材、运动损伤治疗、训练方案及营养方案的改进，从而提高运动成绩及大众健身水平的提高。     

具不良生活习惯者胃蛋白酶原C基因多态性的研究

目的通过调查具不良生活习惯如抽烟、喝酒者胃蛋白酶C基因多态性分布情况,研究生活习惯与胃癌病因之间的关系。方法采用PCR检测具不良生活习惯者中胃蛋白酶原C基因的多态性。结果既抽烟又喝酒者52人中,等位基因1出现频率比对照组高且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)结论既抽烟又喝酒者是胃癌发病的高危险人群。     

钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性与优秀耐力运动员运动能力关联性及功能的初步研究

目的:探讨钙调神经磷酸酶编码基因多态性与优秀耐力运动员运动能力的关联性。方法:应用case-control实验设计,分析55个单核苷酸多态性在123名优秀耐力运动员和125名对照组的分布特征。采用双荧光素酶报告基因的方法初步分析关联多态性的功能意义。结果:1)基因型或等位基因在优秀运动员与对照组分布频率有显著差异(P<0.05)的位点有11个,但经过多重比较的修正后达到显著差异(P<0.01)的仅有2个。2)PPP3 CArs3804358 C等位基因的分布频率在优秀运动员组(17%)显著高于对照组(8%)(P=0.003),而PPP3 CB rs3763679 T等位基因在优秀运动员组(23%)显著低于对照组(37%)。3)携带rs3804358 C或rs3763679 C等位基因的报告基因相对荧光素酶活性显著高于相应的携带rs3804358 G或rs3763679 T等位基因的荧光素酶活性。结论:rs3804358和rs3763679多态性与优秀耐力运动员运动能力关联,并且这2个多态性影响基因转录。     

优秀有氧耐力运动员ACE 基因I/ D 多态性与最大有氧能力及心脏结构与功能的关联研究

为探讨ACE基因I/D多态性与人类有氧运动能力的关联关系并寻找相关的分子遗传标记,应用PCR-AFLP(扩增片段长度多态性)方法检测优秀耐力运动员与普通人群ACE基因型.结果显示,I等位基因频率运动员组明显增高,有显著性差异(P<0.05),且不同基因型间各性状存在差别,提示ACE I/D 多态性很可能与人体的运动能力及其对运动训练的敏感度相关联.     

基因工程技术在运动医学研究中的应用

随着人类基因组计划的完成,后基因组计划的全面展开,以基因工程为主导的生物技术在体育运动问题研究领域的应用得到广泛的关注。就基因技术在运动员选材、运动能力研究方面的应用情况作一综述,并对未来热点问题和前沿研究作一展望。