熔岩管冷却过程中的热应力计算

除本身造成的直接灾害外,火山喷发的基性熔岩流动过程中经常会形成熔岩管.由于地下空洞的存在,熔岩管附近区域的地表稳定性会降低,容易发生坍塌,造成次生灾害。月球和火星上发现的熔岩管是未来外星探测基地的最佳选择,对于熔岩管稳定性研究也具有潜在价值。本文运用有限元方法,基于熔岩管形成机制,建立熔岩管形成后温度演化过程和相应的位移和热应力状况.通过分析熔岩管附近主应力的演化过程,考察不同物理参数(熔岩管的大小、深度、形状)对于熔岩管稳定性的影响。     

适宜运动训练对反复心理应激大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子的 影响

目的:探讨适宜运动训练对心理应激大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平的影响.方法:对SD大鼠进行为期8周,每次60min的游泳运动训练,并在运动后期施加2周的心理应激,测定大鼠海马CA1区脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)积分光密度、平均光密度、阳性物面积,面密度、阳性细胞数、数密度水平变化.结果:(1)经过2周心理应激后,心理应激绀大鼠海马CA1区脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)积分光密度、平均光密度、阳性物面积,面密度、阳性细胞数、数密度水平显著低于对照组;(2)经过8周运动训练后,运动组人鼠海马CA1区脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)积分光密度、平均光密度、阳性物面积,面密度、阳性细胞数、数密度水平显著高于对照组;同时运动+心理应激组大鼠海马CA1区脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)积分光密度、平均光密度、阳性物面积,面密度、阳性细胞数、数密度水平显著高于应激组;结论:适宜运动训练可以降低心理应激反应程度,使大脑海马区BDNF水平提高,维持大脑海马区在应激状态下的生理功能稳定.     

后奥运时代对中国体育价值观的反思

随着北京奥运会的结束,中国也随即进入了后奥运时代,本文从中西方体育价值观形成的文化体系入手,站在中国传统文化的角度上反思中国人在奥运会结束之后在健康观、经济观、社会观、政治观和荣誉观等方面的变化,以此来重新认识中国体育价值观。     

游泳运动对慢性心理应激大鼠延髓内皮素及其受体的影响

目的:研究运动对慢性心理应激大鼠延髓内皮素(ET)及其受体的影响,探讨延髓心血管中枢———头端腹外侧区和孤束核中内皮素及其受体在慢性心理应激过程中变化的意义和机制。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为C组(对照组)、C S组(对照加游泳运动组)、R组(规则光—电刺激组)、I组(不规则刺激组,)、I S组(不规则光—电刺激加游泳运动组),建立运动对光—电刺激大鼠慢性心理应激影响模型。结果:慢性心理应激过程中,随着应激程度的提高,延髓心血管中枢的头端腹外侧区及孤束核ET含量逐渐下降,ETmRNA的表达变化方向与ET一致,提示慢性心理应激可导致中枢内相关部位ET表达的下调;与ET的变化趋势不同,应激程度的提高可使延髓心血管中枢的头端腹外侧区及孤束核ET受体ETR—A含量逐渐提高,游泳运动使受体的含量与ET含量更趋于合理,可防止在慢性心理应激过程中枢相关部位的过度兴奋或抑制,维持其调节心血管活动的正常功能。     

运动员组织性应激研究的源起与现状

组织性应激是指与个体工作所在的组织直接并且主要相关的环境需要同个体之间的一个持续相互作用的过程。由于运动员工作环境的特殊性,因此提出组织性应激的概念可以更加有效地理解运动员应激。运动员组织应激源主要包括5个类别:体育本身固有因素,运动员在体育组织机构中的角色,体育运动项目中人与人之间关系和交流的需要,运动员竞技生涯和成绩发展问题,体育运动项目的组织结构和氛围。未来的研究应该注意进入组织内部测量,完善相关的研究方法,以及建立一体化的理论模型等方面。     

排球比赛过程风险控制研究

排球比赛风险是指比赛过程中导致本方技战术发挥失常、心理不稳定的各类不可控因素和突发性事件,探讨对比赛风险的控制对于球队获取胜利具有重要意义。通过构建风险识别体系和风险应对体系,并将其运用于高水平球队的训练与比赛,可有效降低比赛过程中各种风险对球队在心理稳定和技战术发挥的危害程度,从而增加制胜概率。     

Examining coaches’ perceptions of how their stress influences the coach–athlete relationship

This study extends recent coach stress research by evaluating how coaches perceive their stress experiences to affect athletes, and the broader coach–athlete relationship. A total of 12 coaches working across a range of team sports at the elite level took part in semi-structured interviews to investigate the 3 study aims: how they perceive athletes to detect signals of coach stress; how they perceive their stress experiences to affect athletes; and, how effective they perceive themselves to be when experiencing stress. Following content analysis, data suggested that coaches perceived athletes able to detect when they were experiencing stress typically via communication, behavioural, and stylistic cues. Although coaches perceived their stress to have some positive effects on athletes, the overwhelming effects were negative and affected “performance and development”, “psychological and emotional”, and “behavioural and interaction” factors. Coaches also perceived themselves to be less effective when stressed, and this was reflected in their perceptions of competence, self-awareness, and coaching quality. An impactful finding is that coaches are aware of how a range of stress responses are expressed by themselves, and to how they affect athletes, and their coaching quality. Altogether, findings support the emerging view that coach stress affects their own, and athlete performance.     

有氧运动对慢性应激大鼠脑海马区神经可塑性的影响

摘要：目的：以神经元和神经胶质细胞相关神经生物学变化为切入点,探讨有氧运动对慢性应激大鼠脑海马区神经可塑性的影响。方法：以SD大鼠为研究对象,按照体重均衡分为对照组（CON）、慢性应激模型组（MOD）、氟西汀组（FLU）、低强度运动组（LIR）和中等强度运动组（MIR）。给予大鼠4周慢性应激,并分别伴随氟西汀给药、低强度或者中等强度的运动干预。4周后,通过开场实验、蔗糖饮水实验、新奇抑制摄食实验以及新物体识别实验检测运动对慢性应激大鼠抑郁样行为、焦虑样行为以及认知障碍的影响;同时,利用酶联免疫法和蛋白免疫印迹法,检测运动对慢性应激大鼠血清皮质酮、海马内前炎因子IL1-β,以及蛋白GFAP、S100β、BDNF、p-ERK、p-CREB表达的影响,探讨运动抗抑郁的行为学效应和作用机制。结果：1）低强度和中等强度运动能够显著增加慢性应激大鼠的开场活动、缩短新奇抑制摄食潜伏期,同时提高慢性应激大鼠新物体的识别指数;2）运动有效逆转了慢性应激大鼠血清皮质酮的异常升高,同时降低海马内前炎性因子IL1-β的分泌;3）运动可显著星形胶质细胞的标志性功能蛋白GFAP和S100β的表达水平,增强慢性应激大鼠的BDNF/ERK/CREB信号转导通路中重要蛋白BDNF、p-ERK、p-CREB的表达。结论：运动可以通过提高慢性应激大鼠脑海马区神经可塑性来达到抗抑郁的目的。可能与以下因素有关：1）运动调节血清皮质酮的异常升高,降低海马内前炎性因子的释放,同时,提高与神经胶质细胞相关蛋白GFAP和S100β活性,从而起到神经元保护的作用;2）运动可以通过激活CREB,BDNF以及ERK等重要信号蛋白的表达,提高神经营养作用,促进神经元的生长,增加神经可塑性和神经发生来发挥抗抑郁作用。     

甲烷水对一次性力竭运动所致大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用

摘要：目的：观察灌服甲烷水对一次性力竭运动所致大鼠心肌缺血性损伤、心脏组织内氧化应激和炎症因子的影响,探讨其对运动性心肌损伤产生保护作用的可能机制。方法：24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为安静对照组（C组）、运动对照组（EP组）、运动甲烷水组（EM组）。EP组和EM组分别于运动前30 min灌服蒸馏水和甲烷水,之后进行一次性力竭跑台运动。采用化学比色法、ELISA和Luminex xMAP?技术（液态悬浮芯片技术）检测大鼠血清和心肌中生化指标。结果：1）EM组较EP组运动时间显著延长（P<0.01）。2）与C组比较,EP组大鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6含量极显著升高（P<0.01）,心肌eNOS水平显著降低,MDA含量显著升高（P<0.05）,3-NT含量极显著性升高（P<0.01）;与EP组比较,EM组血清中cTnI水平显著上升,IL-1β、IL-6含量显著下降（P<0.05）,大鼠心肌eNOS水平显著升高（P<0.05）,SOD活性、T-AOC含量极显著上升（P<0.01）,MDA含量、3-NT含量显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：灌服甲烷水提高大鼠运动能力,可能是通过增加心肌eNOS水平,催化NO生成,舒张血管;提高心肌抗氧化能力,改善大鼠心肌氧化应激损伤,从而对运动性心肌损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

Adverse and adaptive childhood experiences are associated with parental reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorder

Mothers with a substance use disorder (SUD) are at risk for maladaptive parenting practices, and have heightened likelihood of having experienced childhood adversity themselves. In addition, parental reflective functioning (PRF), a capacity underlying sensitive caregiving, is often low in mothers with SUD. This study examines the relationship between PRF and aversive (emotional, physical, sexual abuse and neglect) and adaptive (safety and competence) experiences, in different developmental phases (early childhood, latency, and adolescence) in mothers with a SUD. A sample of 43 mothers with small children were interviewed with the Parental Developmental Interview to assess PRF, and they completed the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire regarding aversive and adaptive experiences. In addition, we used the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-10 to control for mental health status and a battery of neuropsychological tests to control for executive functions. Results indicated that adaptive experiences in early childhood were positively related to PRF, and that experience of emotional abuse was negatively related to PRF. When separating the group of mothers in two sub-groups based on PRF level, results showed that mothers with negative to low PRF had significantly more experiences of adversities in early childhood and latency, and significantly less adaptive experiences in early childhood, latency and adolescence, compared to mothers with moderate to high PRF. In addition, mothers with adequate to high PRF reported experiencing significantly more types of adaptive experiences, and significantly less adversities compared to mothers with negative to low PRF. Results are discussed in relation to developmental trauma, resilience, epistemic trust and mistrust.