Putting Children at the Centre: Making policy as if children mattered

Abstract

What do we mean when we say we want to put children at the centre of policy? What are the moral justifications for this approach? Has it become harder for us to understand this concept, when in practice paid work has been at the centre? In part confusion arises because the unpaid work of caring for children is invisible until it is marketized. In turn, the underlying problem is that we have forgotten our traditions of egalitarianism and adopted a powerful mindset that is proving to be paralyzing. Exploring New Zealand family policies such as paid parental leave (PPL), early childhood education, child tax credits (CTC) suggests that there is much room for improvement if the needs of children are to come first. But first and foremost we must have a very different, child-centric, colour-blind, non-judgmental change of heart.     

基于企业社会责任视角的扶贫开发思考——以广东本地企业为例

扶贫开发是我国一项伟大的复兴历史工程,影响深远。企业不仅有追求利益最大化的需求,也应具有参与扶贫开发建设的社会责任感,积极参与扶贫开发也是提升企业社会责任感的重要手段。文章以企业参与扶贫开发为例,考察广东省扶贫开发工作的现状,分析目前广东本地企业参与扶贫开发工作过程中存在的一些问题,提出促进企业参与扶贫开发工作的建议和措施。     

Teacher resilience: theorizing resilience and poverty

In this article, I hope to provide some novel insights into teacher resilience and poverty on the basis of ten-year long-term ethnographic participatory reflection and action data obtained from teachers (n?=?87) in rural (n?=?6) and urban (n?=?8) schools (n?=?14, high schools?=?4, primary schools?=?10) in three South African provinces. In resilience debates, resilience in poverty-saturated schools is generally indicated as both process and outcome. Evidence from this study posits resilience processes in poverty as a lifeline chain, linking uninterrupted incidences of adaptation one after the other. Thus, rather than once-off incidental processes depicting a clear adversity beginning and positive adaptation end, adapting to poverty calls for resilience qualities characterized as a cable of nonstop vigilance. To mediate risk during resilience processes, the teachers in the study made use of traits such as compassion, creativity, optimism and especially flocking to access and use scarce protective resources. In the lifeline chain of resilience, the teachers demonstrated mostly positive outcomes as well as instances of maladaptation and thriving. Teacher resilience in poverty contexts means that teachers ceaselessly adapt in a sequence of linked incidents to a procession of risks. They use particular traits to unite and direct their adaptive series of behaviors in order to transform high-risk schools into supportive spaces where they sometimes thrive, and sometimes feel distressed but mostly function effectively as teachers.     

试论高校辅导员如何开展帮困助学工作

高校贫困生已成为大学中的普遍现象,做好帮困助学工作具有重要的现实意义。文章从"奖、贷、勤、助、补"五位一体视角阐述高校辅导员的帮困工作,认为只有着手切实构建帮困助学体系,深入了解在帮困助学工作中所存在的实际问题,探讨今后的工作思路,才能提高工作的实效性。     

民族地区移民扶贫存在的问题及原因

在国家重点扶持的331个贫困县中,少数民族贫困县有141个,占42.6%,这些地区大多地处各省、区的边缘,距中心城市遥远,信息闭塞,鉴于这种现实,长期救济扶贫已不能解决这些地区的贫困问题,只有转向更为有效和经济的方法。移民扶贫在其实施的历史和现实中证明,这种措施就是明智的选择。文章则从移民扶贫存在的问题出发,对其原因进行探讨,并提出了一些对策建议。     

云南贫困山区农村剩余劳动力流动与减贫的实证分析——基于昭通市贫困山区的调查

农村剩余劳动力向城市地区的迁移日益普遍,贫困地区也不例外。利用对云南昭通市国家扶贫开发重点县的调查资料,分析劳动力流动与缓解贫困的关系。研究表明劳动力流动从总体上改善了贫困地区的贫困程度,这主要体现在劳动力流动在增加农民收入、减少贫困发生率、缓解人文贫困、提高农业劳动生产率、缓解农村生态贫困等方面都有显著影响。但同时也存在一些负面影响,需要相应的政策措施进行调整。     

Education and anti-poverty: Policy theory and strategy of poverty alleviation through education in China

Countries around the world have adopted different policies to address the global issue of poverty, though their poverty line varies. China has achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation through education. Aware that poverty eradication must rely on intellectual support, the country has shifted its anti-poverty theory and policy actions from a passive, one-off poverty reduction mode based on ‘blood transfusion’ to an active and sustainable mode aimed at improving the ‘blood making’ capacity of the poor population, namely the Chinese mode. Education is the fundamental way of such a mode. China has always focused on nine-year compulsory education in implementing anti-poverty policies; conducted classified and tiered efforts in education against poverty and made policies more targeted; adopted diverse policy instruments and shifted the focus from subsidy to educational capacity building; developed quantified poverty alleviation indexes to set standards for policy evaluation; and included education against poverty into the national anti-poverty strategic plan. China will further advance poverty alleviation through education, and form a unique and effective anti-poverty mode, so as to contribute to the building of a community of shared future for all humankind.     

Inequality of educational opportunity: the relationship between access,affordability, and quality of private schools in Lagos,Nigeria

Using data from a census of private schools in one of Lagos, Nigeria’s administrative jurisdictions, this paper explores the linkages between a heterogeneous sector of private schools and issues of school access, affordability, quality, and ultimately social mobility for households at the bottom of the income distribution. Although a large private education market has buoyed Lagos’s growth towards near-universal primary enrolment, this heterogeneous school sector appears to be providing socially stratifying paths towards educational attainment. We apply Lucas’s theory of effectively maintained inequality to assess the extent to which access to higher quality education services within the private sector is determined by cost. We find that higher-cost private schools provide students with greater opportunities to study in institutions with higher quality inputs and increased potential for progression within the educational system. As such, it is highly likely that these schools are primarily accessible to students at the upper ends of the income distribution.     

陕南易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性研究

易地扶贫搬迁是精准扶贫的重要实现途径之一,脆弱性评估为易地扶贫搬迁在生计层面的研究提供了一个新思路。本研究通过构建易地扶贫搬迁农户的生计脆弱性评价指标体系及评估模型,运用生计脆弱性指数衡量农户的生计脆弱度,探讨不同类型农户的生计脆弱性指数及其维度的差异,选择多元线性回归模型分析估计农户暴露度、敏感性、适应能力和生计脆弱度的影响因素。结果显示：调查区域工程移民的生计脆弱性指数分布不均,内部分化明显,生计脆弱度相对较高,而各种安置方式的农户群体之间均在生计上表现出一定的脆弱程度。高收入农户生计脆弱性指数为偏态分布,表现为相对低位均衡化。随着农户生计多样化程度的提升,从单一生计户到多种生计户,敏感性和适应能力均趋于升高,而两种生计户的生计脆弱度最低。风险冲击、信贷可能性和已搬迁时间以及家庭规模、家庭负担比、教育和对周围人信任度均是影响易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性的重要因素。针对项目区搬迁农户生计脆弱性差异和重要影响因素,提出降解生计脆弱性的对策建议。     

新时代我国食育扶贫理论与实践模式探索——内蒙古自治区通辽市库伦旗食育扶贫试点总结

2020年是我国打赢脱贫攻坚战和全面建成小康社会的收官之年,我国扶贫工作逐步实现从单一维度到多维度、从阶段性目标到长效机制、从外力推动到主体能动等方面转变。结合国内外食育相关理论与发展,2018年中国科学院食育团队率先提出"食育扶贫"模式。该模式与健康中国、乡村振兴、可持续发展等重大战略目标一致、有效衔接。中国科学院食育团队遵循"调研先行、科学引领、实践探索"的原则,在国家级贫困县——内蒙古自治区通辽市库伦旗开展食育扶贫试点工作,探索实践经验,逐步形成多主体参与、可复制、可推广的扶贫新模式。通过对库伦旗试点工作的总结和深入研究发现,食育扶贫应采取"政府主导、科研促进、学校为主、家庭配合"的模式,注重不同区域的差异性,力求构建多主体参与的长效机制。