芝加哥大学哈珀校长的办学理念及治校举措

大学校长的办学理念对大学的改革和发展起着至关重要的作用。哈珀作为芝加哥大学的首任校长,其办学理念对芝加哥大学的定位和发展有着深远的影响。在哈珀执校的十五年间,芝加哥大学迅速跻身于世界一流大学的行列。追溯哈珀校长的成功经验对我国大学校长办学理念的构建具有一定的启示作用。     

仁者“力行”:教学悖论与教师自由实践

教学悖论指教师教育教学过程中存在的必须解决却永难得到答案的一系列困惑与矛盾,如语言暴力与无言之教的悖论、规训与自我创造的悖论、理想之境的描绘与苦难之境的揭示之间的悖论、功利追求与精神修养的悖论等等。教学悖论对教师的自由实践造成了重大影响。教师自由实践的本质和精髓在"力行",教师权力的真正体现也在"力行"。教师的自由实践是一种精神实践,也是一种科学的政治实践。教师自由实践的最高境界表现为教师能进行原创性教学,即教师创造课堂、教师创造学生。而这一切自由实践的根本则在教师能够自我创造。     

日本未来教师教育实习实践探析——以名古屋大学为例

教育实习是未来教师投身职业准备的直接途径。世界各国的教师教育改革都十分重视教育实习的作用,并把它作为教育理论与课堂实践联系的桥梁以及考察未来教师的教育素养及其综合实践能力的切实途径。日本名古屋大学的教育实习颇具特色与代表性,本文将描述其教育实习的过程、内容与方法,以期为我国的教师教育实习提供借鉴。     

Use of the one-minute preceptor as a teaching tool in the gross anatomy laboratory

The one-minute preceptor (OMP) is a time-efficient technique used for teaching in busy clinical settings. It consists of five microskills: (1) get a commitment from the student, (2) probe for supporting evidence, (3) reinforce what was done right, (4) correct errors and fill in omissions, and (5) teach a general rule. It can also be used to address structure-identification questions in gross anatomy laboratory small-group settings. The OMP is an active learner-centered teaching approach that prepares students for a style of learning that they need to master in clinical settings, provides novice anatomy teachers with an efficient and effective teaching strategy, and moves anatomy learning beyond mere name tagging to active knowledge construction.     

Team-based learning in anatomy: an efficient, effective, and economical strategy

Team-based learning (TBL) strategy is being adopted in medical education to implement interactive small group learning. We have modified classical TBL to fit our curricular needs and approach. Anatomy lectures were replaced with TBL that required preparation of assigned content specific discussion topics (in the text referred as "discussion topics"), an individual self-assessment quiz (IRAT), analysis of the discussion topics, and then the team retaking the same quiz (GRAT) for discussion and deeper learning. Embryology and clinical correlations were given as lectures. Unit examinations consisted of graded IRAT and GRAT. The National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Subject Examination was the comprehensive final examination. To evaluate the effect of TBL on student performance we compared the departmental and NBME subject examination scores between the traditional and TBL curricula. We collected five years of data on student performance in TBL-based anatomy and lecture-based preclinical courses. Our results show that departmental and NBME subject examination scores for TBL-based anatomy were higher than those for lecture-based anatomy. We subsequently compared average NBME scores for anatomy with those in other preclinical courses that were lecture-based. Average NBME anatomy scores were significantly higher than those for all the lecture-based preclinical courses. Since the introduction of TBL in anatomy, student performance has progressively improved in the NBME subject examination. Students perceived TBL as a motivator to be a responsible team member and to contribute to collective learning by the team. Further, it reinforced self-directed learning and fostered an appreciation for peer respect. Interestingly, these perceptions were uniform irrespective of student course performance.     

The virtual anatomy laboratory: usability testing to improve an online learning resource for anatomy education

An increasing number of instructors are seeking to provide students with online anatomy resources. Many researchers have attempted to identify associations between resource use and student learning but few studies discuss the importance of usability testing in resource design and modification. Usability testing provides information about ease of use and resource flexibility and indicates navigational issues that contribute to extraneous cognitive load for the user. An example of usability testing for modification of an online anatomy resource called the "Virtual Lab" is presented. Usability testing was used to determine whether increased content would impair navigation through the interface. Subjects with varying levels of experience with anatomy content were recruited to assess efficiency and effectiveness (defined by usability standards) of the original resource and of the redesigned resource. Comparisons between usability evaluation of the original "Virtual Lab" (OVL) and of the redesigned "Virtual Lab" (RVL) revealed that subjects were better able to successfully complete tasks using the RVL than they were with the OVL. Results also demonstrated that subjects did not take significantly more time to successfully complete tasks with the RVL. Additionally, usability testing revealed that subjects were able to successfully complete tasks using the RVL regardless of whether they possessed prior experience with anatomy content or not. Results of this study suggest that the modified resource is more effective for users. The example presented here underscores the need for usability testing prior to resource implementation and whenever significant changes are made to a resource interface.     

《进出口贸易实务》中-英双语课程教学的探索——以福建农林大学农林经济管理专业为例

针对农林经济管理专业的特点,在借鉴国内外中一英双语教学研究经验的基础上,探索《进出口贸易实务》中一英双语课程教学的必要性与可行性,并提出适合农林经济管理专业《进出口贸易实务》中一英双语教学改革对策与建议。     

普通高校学生参与社会体育实践的必要性及其途径分析*

高校体育是学校体育的最后阶段,与社会体育之间存在着密切的关联。高校学生在毕业后将直接参与到社会体育活动当中。因此,提升大学生有关社会体育的了解与认知水平,对于高校学生终身体育意识的培养意义重大。因此,研究运用文献资料、问卷调查、实地调研、数理统计以及逻辑分析等研究方法,以辽东学院体育社团的成员为研究对象,对其参与社会体育实践的必要性进行调研分析。研究结果表明：高校学生参与社会体育实践活动能够充分适应社会体育发展的发展形势、满足学生个体的发展需求、推动学校体育教学改革的发展。     

对不同时期我国田径优势项目训练理念和实践的审视与反思

摘要：运用文献资料、调查问卷、比较分析等方法,对不同历史时期我国田径优势项目训练理念与实践进行研究,探讨了对田径项目特征、训练理念、训练周期、训练手段、训练负荷等认识上的变化。研究认为： 1）借鉴先进的训练理论与经验,在重新认识项目特征的基础上,突破传统束缚,形成科学的训练理念,围绕专项需要,创新、优化训练手段和负荷,形成独特的技术风格,是我国跳高、投掷、跨栏等项目获得阶段性优势的主要原因。2）我国跳高水平的下滑,主要是由于对快速助跑的训练理念在运动员多年训练中没有很好体现,运动员缺乏长远规划,对训练方法、技术细节、个人特点及负荷的过程控制不够重视,对高水平运动员的训练没有新的突破,限制了项目的发展。3）近来我国女子优秀投掷选手的出手速度与90年代鼎盛时期存在明显差距,失去了动作快、出手快的特点,下肢灵活性、爆发力不足,基本功不扎实,最大力量不能有效转化为专项速度,影响了选手的成绩高度。4）中长跑项目上巨大的反差并一蹶不振,说明我们在耐力项目上并没有形成稳定、先进的理论、理念,对训练的认识仍然停留在方法、手段、负荷的改变上,盲目的大负荷量和高强度,缺乏深刻的运动生物学理论支撑。同时显示出对高水平运动员、运动队的管理、培养体系还不够健全。5）改变对周期及训练负荷的看法,形成小运动量、高强度和以赛带练的训练理念;用神经系统和肌肉的协调用力观念指导训练,并深刻认识项目特点,以速度为核心强化专项训练,形成领先的技术优势,促进了我国男子跨栏项目的发展。刘翔的伤退及成绩断层,则说明对顶级运动员的训练负荷、比赛规律和过程控制的把握还有失精准,表明我国高水平运动员的科学训练监控和发展体系需要进一步加强。6)在实践中,对新的训练理论与理念认识不深,在训练中特别是青少年的训练中不能系统的体现,在很大程度上影响了我国优势项目的进一步发展。     

江苏省中小学生体力活动及影响因素研究

江苏省城市中小学生每天参加的体育锻炼时间总体低于一小时标准,尤其是随着年级升高,学生每天运动水平呈下降趋势。影响和制约学生参加体育锻炼的因素很多,不但有外在客观的因素,也有主观人为的因素,还存在家庭等方面的原因。提高青少年的体力活动水平,需要培养学生的体育意识和锻炼习惯,利用学校的体育设施及师资组织学生参加校内体育锻炼,让校外身体活动成为学生体力活动干预的重要组成部分,积极引导家长参与学生的体育教育和体育锻炼管理与监督。