The owner,the participant and the spectator: positions and positioning in peer activity around the computer in pre‐school1

One of the most important benefits of computer use within educational settings has been described as its potential for use in collective activity. However; there is a need to take a closer look at the apparently unproblematic picture of children's actual cooperation around the computer. The purpose of this research was to study positions and positioning in peer activity around the computer in pre‐school. Data were collected in three different Swedish municipal pre‐school units with children from three to six years of age. In this paper three positions, described as ‘owner’, ‘participant’ and ‘spectator’, are identified and discussed. The positions are static as they constitute a specific space for acting, including rights, duties and obligations. They are also dynamic as, in relation to previous experiences, they appear to imply different opportunities to use the afforded space for acting. The play around the computer implies that positions and positioning are continuously defined and transformed in relation to each other.     

一种有利于故障扬声器时频特征提取的预处理方法

采用时域预加重处理方法对扬声器响应信号进行处理,并对其进行短时傅里叶变换（STFT）,从变换后的扬声器响应信号时频图中可以得到更为明显的扬声器故障特征,为故障扬声器的时频特征提取提供了一种有效的预处理方法,实验结果显示故障识别率达98％以上。     

悬臂式预磨机的设计及分析

本文通过对悬臂式预磨机的工作原理、结构特点、主要性能的介绍以及对试生产数据的分析，表明：该类预磨机具有较高的粉碎效率，在改善产品粒径、颗粒形状、降低单位能耗上效果显著，为大幅提高后续球磨机的产量提供了十分有利的条件。     

基于评价准则的目标理想点类型多目标决策方法

现有的求解目标理想点类型决策问题的方法———目标规划法 ,在某种程度上是较为常用的方法 .本文分析了该问题及方法的特点 .在此基础上发现了该方法的缺陷并加以指出 .为了克服这些缺陷 ,利用了评价准则及其偏差测度的概念 ,提出并运用了基于评价准则的方法 ,给出了一个数值运算的例子 ,展示了该方法的可用性及有效性 .我们发现了一种新类型的方法来求解目标理想点类型决策问题 .     

虚拟现实技术在预装配规划中的应用

将虚拟现实技术应用于产品预装配规划，结合CAD技术，提出了装配规划系统结构，开发了产品拟实装配环境，使设计者在设计阶段就能生动、随意模拟产品的装配过程，获取装配分析所需信息，以尽早发现产品可装配性及装配工艺中的问题，减少装配成本，缩短产品开发周期。     

全面正确理解江泽民的“法治”与“德治”思想

依法治国和以德治国都是治理国家的基本方略，不可偏废。“法治”与“德治”并举的思想，不仅丰富和发展了马克思主义的治国理论，而且符合当代中国的国情。把法制建设和道德建设紧密结合起来，大力开展法制教育和道德教育，是实现依法治国和以德治国的基础和根本途径。     

教师资格制度改革与考前培训的对接

教师资格全国统考与定期注册制度的推行,将对现行的教师资格考前培训提出新的挑战;要做好考前培训工作,需要处理好以下几个方面的对接和优化工作：从时间维度看,需要做好与传统师范教育的对接,与后续的在职教师培训对接;从空间维度看,需要做好与区域、全国的对接,与国际社会的对接;从内容和方式维度看,需要加大力气做好实践能力的培养、师德教育工作与方式方法的优化。     

A culturally relevant teaching course: Reflecting pre‐service teachers’ thinking

As professors of Culturally Relevant Teaching, we seek to expand pre‐service teachers’ understanding of cultures through critical examination of personal cultural backgrounds, as well as, of those diverse groups who historically have experienced oppression in US society and its educational system. We share the story of how we develop and implement the course, setting it in the context of our teaching for a social justice‐oriented teacher education program in a predominantly White, rural, state university college. We indicate the literature from which we developed the course content and its activities; we analyze pre‐service teachers’ awareness of their cultural identities; and, describe the implications of this knowledge for teaching as reflected in the cultural autobiographies and narratives pre‐service students write at the beginning and end of the course. We hope this study will be helpful to other multicultural educators implementing similar courses.     

Teachers’ perceptions of boys’ and girls’ shared activities in the school context: towards a theory of collaborative play

The Finnish educational system and curricula lay emphasis on play, collaboration and equality. Modern educational practices allow the learning environment to be enlarged from indoor classrooms to outdoor playful learning environments (PLEs). PLEs have been constructed in schoolyards in Finland with the goal of increasing learning through play in curriculum‐based education and augmenting collaborative play (ColPlay) between boys and girls. In order to better understand and describe such developments, the author set out to ascertain how teachers perceive mixed‐gender play activities in pre‐primary and basic education. Fourteen teachers were interviewed and the obtained data were analysed using the grounded theory as an analytical approach. The research suggests five premises for ColPlay: (1) the most suitable forms of ColPlay are outdoor games and role‐play, (2) gender roles adjust in contemporary play culture, (3) teachers’ pedagogical thinking on ColPlay includes various practices to promote collaborative relationships between girls and boys, (4) teachers have confidence in ColPlay and (5) learning to collaborate with both genders requires practice and reflection. The study offers useful insights for teachers, teacher educators and designers of game content and learning environments.     

先秦文献《孟子》自动分词方法研究

自动分词是中文信息处理重要的基础课题。文章主要探讨了先秦文献《孟子》基于条件随机场统计模型的自动分词方法和利用相关注疏文献的自动分词方法等自动分词技术。自动分词实验结果表明,这两种分词方法效果显著,词语F值和小句F值均达到了较高的水平。在用不同的方法对《孟子》进行自动分词时,在词语F值的统计指标外,首次尝试引入了小句F值这一统计指标。