萧红早期小说中的女体书写与隐喻

本文试图从萧红早年未婚怀孕的经验,考察萧红书写女性人物的特色.在萧红早期的写作生涯中,一些极为私密的女性经验,成为她建构文本的资源和推动力量,在独有的女性书写中完成中国现代文学中极为复杂的女性集体想象.在萧红小说中,女体/母体的病态构成了史诗风格的女性身体铭刻.这种独有的女性叙述,凸显了女性身体,以一种怪诞现实主义的叙述策略完成.     

Maternal perinatal risk factors and child abuse

A retrospective matched pair study was designed to compare maternal perinatal factors such as abnormal pregnancy history and labor and delivery experience in families who subsequently were reported as physically abusive to one or more of their children as compared to non-abusive families. The study population consisted of the mothers of 532 children reported to the Baltimore (Maryland) Department of Social Services as physically abused during the years 1975-77. The comparison group was handmatched to the study group from State of Maryland birth certificates on the basis of the abused child's birth year and sex, maternal race, education and hospital of delivery. The study population was 67% black with a mean maternal education of 10.5 completed years. The abused children were 59% male with 48% less than 2 years of age. Results indicated that selected medical definitions of abnormal pregnancy, labor and delivery did not identify families at differential risk of maltreatment. However, mothers in maltreating families were younger, had shorter birth intervals, less prenatal care and were significantly more likely to have had a stillbirth or reported abortion or a prior child death. Study limitations are addressed as are suggestions for future research.     

Early markers of gestational diabetes mellitus: what we know and which way forward?

Women’s metabolism during pregnancy undergoes numerous changes that can lead to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The cause and pathogenesis of GDM, a heterogeneous disease, are not completely clear, but GDM is increasing in prevalence and is associated with the modern lifestyle. Most diagnoses of GDM are made via the guidelines from the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADSPG), which involve an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Diagnosis in this stage of pregnancy can lead to short- and long-term implications for the mother and child. Therefore, there is an urgent need for earlier GDM markers in order to enable prevention and earlier treatment. Routine GDM biomarkers (plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and sex hormone-binding globulin) can differentiate between healthy pregnant women and those with GDM but are not suitable for early GDM diagnosis. In this article, we present an overview of the potential early biomarkers for GDM that have been investigated recently. We also present our view of future developments in the laboratory diagnosis of GDM.     

Teenage Pregnancy and Sex and Relationship Education: Myths and (mis)Conceptions

This paper explores the role of sex and relationship education (SRE) in reducing teenage pregnancy rates. It critically examines some of the assumptions underlying the emphasis placed on SRE within the teenage pregnancy strategy ( SEU, 1999 ) – in particular, the view that ignorance of sexual matters plays a key part in teenage conception. An analysis of these assumptions is used to explore the reasons why the research evidence on the efficacy of sex education in changing adolescent sexual behaviour is mixed. Attention is drawn to the wider contexts within which adolescent sexual behaviour occurs – and the wider contexts within which schools are operating to provide SRE. Also highlighted are suggestions from the literature about what young people want from sex education and the possible implications for reducing teenage pregnancy. The paper concludes that although important, SRE, on its own, is unlikely to be the panacea sought by politicians to reduce the incidence of teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom.     

Prevention of child abuse and neglect through early diagnosis of serious disturbances in the mother-child relationship in Italy

At the obstetrical clinic of Modena University and a family center of the same municipality during the first six months of 1980 a questionnaire based on "Risks of Child Abuse" by Kempe, Gray and others was administered to 33 expectant mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy, a few days after delivery, and a month and one-half after childbirth, for the purpose of examining the mother-child relationship. Two principal groups of "risk factors" which may lead to child abuse and neglect appeared: mothers with preceding personal and social experiences, and cases of medical intervention (e.g., prematurity, caesarean). Use of a questionnaire that permitted early diagnosis made possible help in establishing a good mother-child relationship in the first months of life. Such help can be given by the hospital and public centers both before and after birth.     

超声诊断宫内外复合妊娠30例分析

回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院超声科2012年1月至2012年12月发现并证实的30例宫内外复合妊娠的超声资料,按异位妊娠位置、卵巢形态、回声胜质、血流情况等项目进行归类和计算,探讨超声早期诊断宫内外复合妊娠的方法,认为超声对宫内外复合妊娠的早期诊断意义重大。     

Japanese Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Listening to Mothers II Questionnaire

The questionnaire used for the U.S. Listening to Mothers II survey was translated and culturally adapted to measure Japanese women's experience during the period of pregnancy planning through early postpartum. Methods included expert panels and two phases of cognitive interviews with 20 postpartum Japanese adult women. The number of problems with the translated questionnaire effectively decreased in the iterative process. Most problems were found in the question-interpretation stage of cognitive processing, such as wording/tone. Culture-specific concepts and unclear items were adapted to prevent erroneous interpretations in future studies. The future use of this questionnaire to generate data sets will be useful for professionals interested in developing evidence-based practices. The knowledge from this study can be helpful in improving health-care services and education for women with diverse languages and cultural backgrounds.     

Voices Along the Journey: Midwives' Perceptions of Implementing the CenteringPregnancy Model of Prenatal Care

The purpose of this study was to describe the reported perceptions of six midwife participants at different stages of their engagement in a multiphase process of adopting a new model of prenatal care. Midwives were interviewed at five different stages during the process of implementing CenteringPregnancy, a model of group prenatal care. The research methodology used in this study was phenomenology. The conceptual framework for exploring the participants' perceptions was based on the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's patient-centered model and on the International Institute for Restorative Practices' empowerment model. The five themes that emerged from the midwives' experiences mirrored the stages of change health education model. Suggestions for the implementation and sustainability of the CenteringPregnancy model of care are provided based on the five themes that emerged from this study's findings.     

Louisa's Birth

In this column, Rachel Mann shares the story of the birth of her third daughter, Louisa. After a previous pregnancy loss, Mann chose to give birth to her third baby in a hospital with attending care from an obstetrician. In spite of the high-risk medical environment, she was able to have an unmedicated, powerful birth. Mann's careful planning, the support of her husband and doula, and her confidence in her ability to give birth helped make Louisa's birth all that Mann hoped it would be.     

促排卵后的不同步双侧异位妊娠(英文)

研究目的:报道一例不同步双侧异位妊娠,并回顾相关文献,总结规律。创新要点:第一次报道了不同步的双侧异位妊娠。研究方法:对促排卵后行宫腔内人工授精病人发生非同步双侧输卵管妊娠的病例进行报告,辅以人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)值波动曲线、超声图像以及病理切片加以阐述;同时回顾2008年以来关于双侧异位妊娠的文献,并分析病例特征。重要结论:促排卵后可能会提高双侧异位妊娠风险,一侧异位妊娠发生后,需要注意对侧是否也存在异位妊娠。