Age Role Expectations and Sex Role Expectations for Selected Sport Activities

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if role expectations for participation in 12 selected sport activities existed based on the age (20, 40, 60, or 80 years old) and/or gender of the referent person. A secondary purpose was to determine if the sex role orientation of the respondent influenced the assignment of these age related and/or gender related stereotypes to participation in sport. Female undergraduate nursing students (N = 93) were administered an Activity Appropriateness Scale developed by the investigators and Bem's Sex-Role Inventory (1974). The results indicated that age related expectancies accounted for almost 40% of the variance in subject's responses to the appropriateness of participating in these selected sports and was a more potent stereotype than responses based on sex role appropriateness. Furthermore, sex role orientation × age of the referent person interactions indicated that masculine subjects viewed sports participation as most appropriate, particularly as the age of the referent person increased from 60 to 80 years. The evidence suggests that research be directed toward examining and accounting for the phenomenon of ageism in sport.     

Body Fatness and Motor Performance During Preadolescence

Abstract

Performance differences between males and females have been attributed to both biological and cultural factors, although the relative significance of each has not been ascertained. Differences in body fatness between males and females has been frequently mentioned as one biological factor responsible for variations in physical performance. In children, it has been shown that boys exhibit slightly higher performance levels than girls until adolescence, when the differences favoring the boys become greater. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between selected physical performance tests and body fatness in preadolescent boys and girls. Measures of age, height, weight, skinfold thicknesses at two sites, and performance scores on the vertical jump, standing broad jump, modified pullup, 40-yard dash, and 400-yard run were obtained on 563 elementary school children. The results of a one-way ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference between boys and girls on all of the physical performance tests. Although the boys were slightly taller and heavier and scored better than the girls on the performance tests, there was no significant difference between the sexes in the sum of two skinfolds. Separate regression equations for the sum of two skinfolds by performance on each test indicated that, with the exception of the modified pullup test, body fatness was only marginally related to performance. These findings indicated that, although inversely related to the ability to move the total body weight, body fatness was of minimal importance in explaining performance differences between young boys and girls.     

曹七巧仙姑人物形象之比较——基于“性”理论视角三与

何为“性”？在此,我们提出对性的理解,同时,比较曹七巧与三仙姑的人物形象,阐释隐藏在人物性格背后的性原因,对人物形象进行新的解读。     

试论古代两性观对武术性别角色定位的影响

从母系氏族的男女伙伴关系,到男权本位的礼教形成,两性关系的演变在古代社会中扮演着重要的角色,中国几千年的男女性别刻板印象也直接影响到男女社会活动参与.文章试从古代两性观视角,剖析存在于武术运动中的“阴阳”两性哲学观与以此为基础所形成的男女性别角色定位;阐述武术运动中的“男尊女卑”现象与中原胡化后的两性观所形成的女子尚武风气;论述在传统封建纲常礼教束缚下,女子习武所表现出的女性阳刚之气与其对传统礼教的挑战与突破     

Free DNA – new potential analyte in clinical laboratory diagnostics?

The existence of cell free DNA in the human circulatory system has been known since the 1950s, however, intensive research in this area has been conducted for the last ten years. This review paper brings a short overview of the existing literature concerning the cell free DNA research in various clinical fields and pathological states and considers the application possibilities of this new analyte in clinical laboratory diagnostics. At the moment, cell free DNA is most widely used for the purpose of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal sex or fetal RhD status. The recent discovery of epigenetic changes in placental/fetal DNA and the detection of fetal/placental-specific RNAs have made it possible to use this technology in all pregnancies irrespective of the gender of the fetus. With the application of new techniques such as next generation sequencing, digital PCR and mass spectrometry, it is now possible to detect very small amounts of specific DNA in the presence of excess of other nonspecific nucleic acids. Second most probable application is in oncology, where detection and monitoring of tumors is now possible by the detection of tumor-derived nucleic acids. Third promising field for near future implementation of this analyte is transplantation medicine, where free DNA level could serve as a marker of transplant rejection. Before any further utilization of this new biomarker, pre-analytical and analytical aspects of free DNA analysis remain to be standardized. In the field of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis, important ethical, legal and social questions remain to be discussed.     

谈女子排球运动员的弹跳力训练

从女性生理特点的角度出发，探讨女子排球运动员的弹跳力训练，为女子排球运动员的专项素质训练提供参考。     

中学生体育学习归因风格研究--认知原因因素中性别差异与归因的性别倾向

归因风格是指一个人所具有的独特的归因认知方式以及由此所产生的特有的归因倾向,是认知心理学关于认知风格研究在归因领域的拓展.归因风格研究将个人的人格特征和他的归因认知过程融合在一起,系统地探索二者之间的关系,主要集中在性别角色和自我估价这两个人格变量与归因的关系上.文章以问卷调查为手段,研究我国中学生体育学习归因中的性别差异,研究指出中学生在具体归因原因因素上存在明显的性别差异,但在归因维度上的差异不明显.     

身体素质发展的年龄性别特征与体育教学训练

本文阐述了青少年儿童身体素质发展与年龄性别的关系。要求体育工作者，根据学生各种身体素质发展的敏感期和男女生的性别差异，抓住时机，有针对性地进行体育教学与训练。     

台湾海洋小说性爱母题的解读——以吕则之的澎湖系列为例

台湾文学和整个世界文学的流向保持紧密的联系,呈现出其独有的海洋文化特色。台湾作家吕则之的作品是澎湖系列作品的代表,从性爱角度对其进行分析,能够在一定程度上揭示台湾海洋小说的书写特色。     

Teenage Pregnancy and Sex and Relationship Education: Myths and (mis)Conceptions

This paper explores the role of sex and relationship education (SRE) in reducing teenage pregnancy rates. It critically examines some of the assumptions underlying the emphasis placed on SRE within the teenage pregnancy strategy ( SEU, 1999 ) – in particular, the view that ignorance of sexual matters plays a key part in teenage conception. An analysis of these assumptions is used to explore the reasons why the research evidence on the efficacy of sex education in changing adolescent sexual behaviour is mixed. Attention is drawn to the wider contexts within which adolescent sexual behaviour occurs – and the wider contexts within which schools are operating to provide SRE. Also highlighted are suggestions from the literature about what young people want from sex education and the possible implications for reducing teenage pregnancy. The paper concludes that although important, SRE, on its own, is unlikely to be the panacea sought by politicians to reduce the incidence of teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom.