女性主义视域中的张洁小说

从女性主义文学研究的视角，纵观张洁的小说中对女性的描写存在着一些局限：身体的缺席，理想／世俗女性形象的二元对立；对革命与政治等主流话语的牵强附和，这些集中表现出张洁女性主体意识的匮乏。二者存在的潜在原因，除了时代共名，革命对个人身体欲望的清教徒式的拒绝，传统文化中性意识的罪感之外，还有张洁基于个人经历的恋父情结。     

Sex Testing and the Maintenance of Western Femininity in International Sport

During the Cold War, women from Eastern Europe excelled in international sport. Rather than applauding the successes of these female athletes, many in the Cold-War-West responded with suspicion, contempt and derision. Armed with rumours and anecdotes, the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) implemented sex testing in 1966, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) followed suit two years later. Despite the introduction of a compulsory sex/gender control, many continued to lament the muscular physiques of the Cold-War-Eastern victors. The known and suspected sex test ‘failures’ from North Korea, the Philippines, Poland, the Soviet Union and Spain served to exacerbate the fears of gender fraudulence. As global dynamics shifted, however, so, too, did the anxieties in sport. When women from the People's Republic of China dominated the international sports scene in the 1990s, many in the geographic-West again doubted the authenticity of the achievements and called for a return to gender verification. A decade later, the international plights of Indian athlete Santhi Soundarajan and South African runner Caster Semenya convinced the IAAF and the IOC that such a reestablishment was necessary. Using the ‘colonial/modern gender system’ framework, this article explores the political and racialised sex/gender concerns medical professionals and sport authorities possessed, which led to the establishment, abandonment and reintroduction of sex testing/gender verification in elite sport. Through these three phases of sex testing/gender verification, the IAAF and the IOC reaffirmed a binary notion of sex and privileged white, Western gender norms.     

弗洛伊德精神分析学说对中国现当代文坛的审美折射

弗洛伊德精神分析学说主要体现在把人的精神分为“意识”、“前意识”和“无意识”三部分,同时又提出了“本我”、“自我”和“超我”的人格学说。20世纪的中国文艺创作深受弗洛伊德的精神分析学说的影响,力图以自己独特的方式对诸如梦境、性灵、性本能等精神生活现象加以描摹和剖析,借以表现那种超越社会和传统文化束缚下的生命的本能冲动,从而使弗洛伊德的精神分析学说具有隽永的文艺审美批评价值。