民间儿童体育游戏教育价值探讨

民间儿童体育游戏来源于现实生活,植根于传统文化,对儿童的社会化发展、特别是可持续发展具有重要的教育价值。结合民间儿童体育游戏的特点,探讨其对儿童可持续发展的现代教育价值。     

The perpetrators of medical child abuse (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy) – A systematic review of 796 cases

IntroductionLittle is known about the perpetrators of medical child abuse (MCA) which is often described as “Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy” or “factitious disorder imposed on another”. The demographic and clinical characteristics of these abusers have yet to be described in a sufficiently large sample. We aimed to address this issue through a systematic review of case reports and series in the professional literature.MethodA systematic search for case reports and series published since 1965 was undertaken using MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE. 4100 database records were screened. A supplementary search was then conducted using GoogleScholar and reference lists of eligible studies. Our search yielded a total sample of 796 perpetrators: 309 from case reports and 487 from case series. Information extracted included demographic and clinical characteristics, in addition to methods of abuse and case outcomes.ResultsNearly all abusers were female (97.6%) and the victim’s mother (95.6%). Most were married (75.8%). Mean caretaker age at the child’s presentation was 27.6 years. Perpetrators were frequently reported to be in healthcare-related professions (45.6%), to have had obstetric complications (23.5%), or to have histories of childhood maltreatment (30%). The most common psychiatric diagnoses recorded were factitious disorder imposed on self (30.9%), personality disorder (18.6%), and depression (14.2%).ConclusionsFrom the largest analysis of MCA perpetrators to date, we provide several clinical recommendations. In particular, we urge clinicians to consider mothers with a personal history of childhood maltreatment, obstetric complications, and/or factitious disorder at heightened risk for MCA. Longitudinal studies are required to establish the true prognostic value of these factors as our method may have been vulnerable to publication bias.     

Low-achieving (learning disabled) pupils in year 2 of the primary school in Hungary

We selected 60 low-achieving children from a sample of 263 pupils in Year 2 of the primary school in order to analyse the problems of learning disabilities. We explored two questions: whether teachers evaluate the pupils' school performances correctly; and what kind of relationship exists between the low-achieving pupils' cognitive abilities and their school performance. Methods used were questionnaires, pedagogical tests and traditional psychological tests. We obtained the following results: the teachers generally evaluate the pupils' school performance fairly well, but they are inclined to assume a close correlation between the achievements in different subjects, and the teachers' knowledge of the low-achieving children is more reliable regarding the group of pupils as a whole rather than each pupil individually; and the low-achieving pupils' cognitive learning abilities prove to be significantly weaker than their general intellectual abilities.     

陇南市农村学前班存在的问题及对策思考

在甘肃省陇南市农村地区,学前班一直以来都是农村学前教育的主要形式。但是受各种因素影响,当前农村学前班存在诸多不容忽视的问题。就如何解决这些问题,提出一些对策性建议。     

独生子女大学生的体质状况及对策

大量的数据表明独生子女大学生的体质状况不容乐观。造成这种现象的原因主观上是独生子女大学生体育观念匮乏、健康意识淡漠,客观上是各方面的呵护太多、作业量大、运动少,为此,提出了增强独生子女大学生的体育观念、健康意识,养成良好的生活卫生习惯,建立形式多样的体育教学模式,提高独生子女科学锻炼身体的知识和技能,并改革教学内容和课程体系,建立一支高素质地教师队伍,增加教育投资等对策。     

幼儿双侧肢体运动对智力潜能开发作用的实验研究

学龄前儿童通过有针对性的双侧肢体的协调活动,可以改善不利侧肢体的“偏利”现象,提高幼儿身体协调性和左右侧肢体运动技能发展的均衡程度,起到开发幼儿心理潜能(如提高反应能力)的作用,运动技能的提高促进了智商的相应改善。科学、有效的方法,使幼儿的运动技能和智力的潜能得到充分的开发。     

体操运动员前臂运动特征及其发展特点的研究

采用直观半圆仪,对我国441名体操运动员和563名青少年儿童的前臂屈伸复制运动误差值作了测定和比较分析等研究,结果发现,就这个非专业性的和极为普通的动作——前臂屈伸运动的准确性来讲,在运动等级不同的体操运动员之间以及体操运动员与同年龄的普通人之间,都存在明显的差别。而且,这种运动准确性较高者,学习基本体操动作的成效优于准确性较低者。这种运动的准确性在7～11岁期间提高最快,12～22岁时呈波浪式的发展状态;在体操运动训练的作用下,这种运动的准确性,在9～13岁加速提高,而且,随后的波浪式变化明显减小。     

对目前我国优秀少年儿童乒乓球运动员身体素质训练水平综合评价的研究

对1990～1993年全国业体校乒乓球赛的男运动员127名、女运动员118名的身体素质数据,先用因子分析法对指标进行筛选,又用多元回归分析法建立有效的回归模型,并结合专家调查,选定了60m、跳绳、绕台跑、移步换球和扣球击远等5项身体素质测验指标,再采用“秩和法”对所有参赛运动员的身体素质情况进行综合评价和排序,可为了解运动员的身体素质情况提供客观依据。     

关于创建“青少儿康体俱乐部”的几点思考

本文阐明了创建“青少儿康体俱乐部”的必要性、可行性,并对“青少儿康体俱乐部”模式进行构想。“青少儿康体俱乐部”是“全民健身计划”按产业化方式推进的有益尝试。     

运动与儿童青少年骨健康

采用文献资料法讨论了不同运动项目、不同运动强度和时间及运动频次对儿童青少年骨密度的影响;提出了儿童青少年时期进行适宜的体育运动能增加骨密度,提高峰值骨量;青春期前期是增加机体骨密度的最佳时期,充分利用这一时期进行适宜的体育运动对人体骨健康将产生深远有利的影响.