心理学视域下校园欺凌的形成机理及对策

校园欺凌是国内外中小学中普遍存在的现象,从心理学角度考察其成因、探索相应干预措施有着重要意义。有关欺凌事件直接参与者的研究表明:部分欺凌者存在一定程度的反社会行为或认知特征,欺凌行为也是青春期个体获取、维护社会支配地位的一种手段;某些"另类"特征、情绪和社会交往问题会让儿童青少年成为易受欺凌的对象;欺凌和受欺凌都可能导致个体情绪、行为等方面的适应障碍,其不良影响甚至会延续相当长的时间;欺凌-受欺凌者是最不稳定的一类角色,兼具欺凌者与受欺凌者两者的缺点,适应状况通常最差。班级内的同伴生态、旁观者的行为和朋友关系都会影响欺凌事件的发生几率及所导致的后果。某些家庭和父母特征也是与欺凌行为联系密切的危险性或保护性因素。积极的师生关系有助于减少欺凌事件的发生,也能对其后果起到缓冲作用。但缺乏培训的父母和教师,通常无法及时准确地识别欺凌事件并做出有效应对。当前教育实践中,可以有效防控校园欺凌的措施大致可以划分为两类;一是面向特定相关群体的单水平干预,二是要求学生、家长、教职员工等都要参与其中的多水平干预。     

略论学前儿童养成教育

中国现今对于养成教育还存在着普遍重视不够、教育方法简单、理论不够深入、研究结果实践性不强的问题。通过分析,从实效性方面探究养成教育的方式,为开辟儿童养成教育的新思路提供帮助。     

中日学前教育面临的主要问题比较

本在对当代中国和日本学前教育面临的的主要问题分别进行分析和归纳的基础上，对当代中日学前教育面临的主要问题进行了分析和比较，指出二的共同点和不同点，并对造成中日学前教育面临的主要问题存在的差异进行了原因分析。     

Organising and leading systematic quality work in the preschool – preschool managers’ perspectives

Preschool managers’ responsibility for and leadership of systematic quality work has come to the fore in connection with changes made to the Swedish preschool curriculum. The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of preschool managers’ leadership and management of the systematic quality work in Swedish preschools with reference to three specific domains: (i) governance, leadership/management and organisation, (ii) content and methods and (iii) development work and collegiate learning. Using qualitative methods, 18 preschool managers’ perspectives of leading systematic quality work have been analysed in relation to previous research. The results show a tension between linear and interactive forms of governance in the systematic quality work, but also that knowledge gaps among the staff can lead to uncertainties that the preschool manager has to address. At the same time, the results show the diversity of and variation in how children’s development and increased proficiency are documented, while the documentation of the quality of the work focuses on learning environments rather than on teaching and teacher competence. In the study, there are traces of what can be characterised as leadership for learning. This needs to be investigated more closely using other methods in future research.     

Social Work Intervention with White Collared Employees and Their Families

This investigation presents a framework for understanding and also to test the efficacy of Social Work intervention on the well being of the white collared employee (industrial employee) and his/her family. A comprehensive and intensive personal- family exploration was done to uncover the relatedness of seemingly disparate areas of the clients lives. A total of 80 executives (industrial employees) served as subjects. A baseline assessment was done using structured, standardized interview-schedules/questionnaires. The results of the study can be enumerated as follows: After the Social Work intervention, the executives in occupational profile, there were significant changes in Role perception, overload, role conflict, low status and poor peer relations. In coping strategies there was significant improvement in sub-scales like problem solving and unproductive coping. Significant reduction was noticed in their proneness to heart disease, depression, inadequate mental mastery, and perceived ill health. There was significant improvement in their family group support, and in their expressiveness, achievement, orientation, active-recreational and organizational characteristics.     

弱智学生合作与分享行为的干预实验研究

从北京市西城区培智中心学校抽取了两个班学生(实验班6人,对照班9人)作为被试,进行了为期三周的合作与分享行为的干预实验。实验结果表明:(1)“行为示范与讲解———角色扮演及相关活动———适宜行为的及时强化———行为迁移训练”的干预模式对弱智学生合作行为的干预效果显著;(2)该模式短期内对弱智学生分享行为的干预效果不显著;(3)弱智学生的合作与分享行为之间存在显著的相关。     

Mitigating the Effects of Poverty and Crime: the Long-Term Effects of an Early Intervention Programme for Children who were Developmentally Delayed and Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine

This study explores the long-term impact on participation in the Linda Ray Intervention Program (LRIP) for children (n = 54) who were developmentally delayed and prenatally exposed to cocaine. By identifying a group of programme graduates from a high crime/high poverty neighbourhood in Miami-Dade County using ArcGIS 10.2 software, a quasi-experimental design was used to compare children living in this area who participated in the centre-based modality (5 h a day; 5 days a week) to children living in this area who participated in the home-based modality (3 h per week) on their Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) reading and math scale scores in public school. The children who participated in the centre-based modality reported stronger outcomes in both math and reading FCAT scale scores at the p < .05 level and also out-performed their school-age peers on both math and reading FCAT scores at the p < .05 level.     

间接干预的物价的微分方程模型

在已有物价模型的基础上,结合中国特殊的不成熟的市场经济环境,对原模型进行修改和补充,把货币供给量对物价的影响加进去形成了新的间接干预物价的微分方程模型.首先利用非线性微分方程相关理论讨论了模型的稳定性和分支等数学特征,然后通过数值模拟进一步分析验证,最后介绍了模型结果在经济意义下对物价分析的解释和应用.     

从国外发展学前补偿教育项目的经验看我国农村学前教育的发展

美国和印度两国发展学前补偿教育项目的经验可以主要概括为:积极认识学前教育在个体和社会发展中的价值和意义;以法律法规的形式确立学前教育的性质和地位;政府加强对学前补偿教育项目的管理,促进学前教育有序发展;政府不断扩大对学前补偿教育的财政支持,着力保障学前教育公平;提高参与学前补偿教育项目工作人员的素质和待遇,保障学前教育的质量。这些经验对于我国处于弱势地位的农村学前教育的发展具有重要的借鉴和启发意义。     

五年制幼师生的地理素养教育

国务院《关于当前发展学前教育的若干意见》的颁布,为我国现阶段学前教育提供了更大的发展空间,我国迫切需要尽快地培养出一大批高素质的幼儿教师,来适应社会发展需求。地理素养是幼师学生必备的职业素养之一,为加强五年制幼师生地理素养教育,提高五年制幼师生整体素质,应加强地理知识、地理技能、地理态度、地理人文等方面的素养教育。