Sprint and jump performances do not determine the promotion to professional elite soccer in Spain, 1994–2012

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study are (a) to describe the evolution of neuromuscular performance over an 18 year period within a Spanish elite reserve team; (b) to check if there were any relation between the playing position and sprint and jump performances and (c) to look into the alleged impact of this factor on the top playing level attained by the soccer players. We considered the physical tests (5 m and 15 m sprint times and countermovement jump (CMJ) height) made by 235 players enrolled in the reserve team of the Club from 1994 to 2012 and the highest competitive-level they achieved: Spanish first (n = 39) and second divisions (n = 36) and semi-professional (n = 160). Furthermore, the players were classified according to their playing positions. The main findings were a very-likely/most-likely lower neuromuscular performance (ES = 0.48–0.68, small to moderate) in the last six-season term (2006–2012) than in the first term (1994–2000); possibly/very-likely lower performances in sprinting and CMJ (ES = 0.22–0.55, small) by central defenders (CDs) and midfielders than by other playing positions; very-likely better performances in sprinting and jumping by first and second divisions central defenders than by semi-professional central defenders (ES = 0.90–1.02, moderate). Sprint and jump performances are not a relevant physical parameter to promote to the top level of soccer in Spain except for one in six of the playing positions: CDs.     

Coordination pattern of baseball pitching among young pitchers of various ages and velocity levels

This study compared the whole-body movement coordination of pitching among 72 baseball players of various ages and velocity levels. Participants were classified as senior, junior, and little according to their age, with each group comprising 24 players. The velocity levels of the high-velocity (the top eight) and low-velocity (the lowest eight) groups were classified according to their pitching velocity. During pitching, the coordinates of 15 markers attached to the major joints of the whole-body movement system were collected for analysis. Sixteen kinematic parameters were calculated to compare the groups and velocity levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to quantify the coordination pattern of pitching movement. The results were as follows: (1) five position and two velocity parameters significantly differed among the age groups, and two position and one velocity parameters significantly differed between the high- and low-velocity groups. (2) The coordination patterns of pitching movement could be described using three components, of which the eigenvalues and contents varied according to age and velocity level. In conclusion, the senior and junior players showed greater elbow angular velocity, whereas the little players exhibited a wider shoulder angle only at the beginning of pitching. The players with high velocity exhibited higher trunk and shoulder rotation velocity. The variations among groups found using PCA and kinematics parameter analyses were consistent.     

湖北省体育旅游产业现状分析与绿色创新发展研究

通过对湖北省体育旅游资源、体育消费现状、区位发展定位等体育旅游产业相关因素进行调查分析,发现湖北省体育旅游资源相对丰富,但是,体育旅游产业的拓展相对滞后。运用比较研究法、专家访谈法以及SWOT分析法等方法,对湖北省体育旅游资源开发提出绿色创新发展理念和产业发展对策,力图为湖北省体育旅游产业的发展提供理论参考和借鉴。     

综合国力与哲学社会科学成果

哲学社会科学成果与自然科学成果同样重要，哲学社会科学成果也是综合国力的体现，这是由哲学社会科学的地位所决定的，是由改革开放20多年坚持理论创新取得巨大成就的事实和中国历史史实所证明了的。而以美国为首的西方敌对势力推行的思想化渗透政策的巨大危害，又从反面证明了哲学社会科学成果对综合国力的影响。     

安徽R&D投入产出水平的实证分析

在国内外的研究基础上,结合安徽特有的基本情况,建立了一套评价安徽省各市R&D投入产出综合水平指 标体系,运用主成分分析和聚类分析,客观的评价了安徽省各地市R&D投入产出水平。评价结果表明,“合芜蚌”试验 区引领带动着全省R&D投入产出水平,“皖江带”城市R&D投入产出水平两极分化严重,而“皖北”地区则有崛起的势 头,从而为各市提升R&D投入产出水平提供参考依据。     

中国商业银行竞争力分析

2001年中国已成功加入世界贸易组织,标志着中国银行业逐步进入全面竞争的时代。国有商业银行不仅面临着国内同业的竞争,更面临国际强手的严峻挑战。＂知己知彼,百战不殆＂,客观地评价国有商业银行的竞争力,发挥所长,弥补所短,以赢得生存与发展空间,对我国银行业的发展和国民经济的发展具有重要意义。本文以实际数据为研究基础,运用主成分分析法,对中国商业银行的竞争力状况进行综合分析,探索提高中国国有商业银行竞争力的有效途径和改革措施。     

基于嵌入式平台的数字模糊识别技术的实现

在嵌入式开发平台上实现具有图形用户界面(GUI)的模糊模式数字识别系统.使用嵌入式操作系统uCOSⅡ编程接口实现系统的多任务特性与任务间的通信;通过改进开发板附带的触摸屏接口函数实现手写输入;基于模糊数学的基本理论与方法,使用模糊模式识别技术分析手写输入的数据.在嵌入式开发平台上完成了一套实验性的支持手写输入的用户图形界面系统,该系统可以接受和处理用户通过键盘或者触摸屏输入的信息.实验结果表明,采用2种模糊识别技术相结合的嵌入式手写输入系统能在降低系统硬件配置的同时保持较高的识别率.     

浅论电大基层教师在远程教育中的角色及职责

从基层电大教师在远程开放教育改革中的实际出发，剖析他们所面临的角色意识不清、职责功能混乱所造成的困惑，客观地分析了目前教师定位理论研究中存在的偏差，研究探索了基层电大教师的职责和定位问题，提出了电大教师不同层级理论和分类研究。     

《家庭暴力防治法》立法问题研究

目前,我国家庭暴力问题令人担忧,其中重要原因之一是我国现行法律在规制家庭暴力方面存在不足。应制定专门《家庭暴力防治法》,明确《家庭暴力防治法》在法律体系中的地位,明确家庭暴力举证的特殊要求,明确相关机构干预家庭暴力的责任,明确规定施暴者的法律责任,在立法时并对弱势群体有所倾斜。     

论大学语文教学空间的拓展与教学方法的灵活设置

目前大学语文教学所以日益尴尬,主要和世俗化的阅读方式、中学的模式化教育和大学语文内容方法设置等方面的问题有关.要改变这种处境,就必须要明确课程定位,确立一个合理的内容体系,并注意教学手段的灵活多变.只有这样,大学语文的教学才能呈现出无限的生机.