对足球双主裁判制的初步构想

针对足坛现行单主裁判制的弊端，结合比赛的实际提出足球双主裁判制，并对其运用提出初步构想。     

近代竞技运动发轫于英国的背景解读

产业革命以后 ,随着机械在产业方面所占的比重急剧上升 ,有关人们身体的运动 ,在英国大众的生活中成了基本的要求。本文从英国民族心理特性、产业社会生活方式、政治制度和自然条件等角度 ,探索了奠定英国近代竞技运动发轫的历史轨迹     

近两届冬奥会女子自由式滑雪空中技巧比较研究

通过对 1998年第 18届冬奥会与 2 0 0 2年第 19届冬奥会女子自由式滑雪空中技巧比赛的动作难度、动作质量及实力格局的比较研究表明 :4年来世界女子自由式滑雪空中技巧项目的动作难度与动作质量呈显著同步提高之势 ,揭示了该项目的发展方向 ;从上届冬奥会的美、中、瑞、乌 4强到本届冬奥会的澳、加、俄、中 4强 ,世界女子自由式滑雪空中技巧项目的实力格局发生了变化 ;以李妮娜为代表的我国年轻运动员已跻身世界优秀运动员行列     

急慢性运动训练对心肺功能的影响

从多方面论述了急慢性运动训练对人体心血管功能和肺通气功能的影响，并用献检索法对此进行了系统的分析研究。认为：系统科学的运动训练可使心肺功能发生良好的变化。     

背越式跳高技术的新划分

80年代以来传统的背越式跳高技术划分越来越不适应现代快速助跑、快速起跳的背越式技术的发展 ,从而牵制着跳高技术研究和训练的进一步发展。为此通过查阅大量的文献资料和对我国优秀男子跳高运动员录像解析 ,发现 :背越式跳高技术的关键环节——起跳阶段人体重心轨迹存在明显的差异 ,分析研究得出以起跳阶段人体重心轨迹曲线作为划分依据 ,以较直观的易操作的人体运动学指标——内倾角和屈膝角为划分标准 ,可将技术分为 :平缓上升型和波动上升型。     

实施阳光体育运动,探索体育锻炼习惯的心理干预研究

文章运用文献资料研究方法,借鉴国外体育锻炼干预模式,以体育锻炼行为的相关因素和方法等为突破口,让大多数大学生养成体育锻炼的习惯,使阳光体育运动深入人心,从而自觉、自愿地投入到阳光体育运动中,形成校园良好体育锻炼氛围,造就大学生健康体魄。     

浅谈英语中的颜色词

颜色是人类对客观世界的感知,无论在大自然还是在社会生活中都存在着各种各样的颜色。在人类语言里大量存在着表示颜色的单词——颜色词。由于不同的文化、地域而颜色词带上了不同的色彩,英语国家中有些颜色词有褒、有贬;有些是被人崇尚的、也有些是禁忌的。我们就有必要去了解这些颜色词的深层含义,以便我们在生活、学习和工作中灵活运用,这也是我们了解一些西方文化的一个入手点。     

Understanding others Kellyian theory,methodology and applicationComprendre les autres la théorie de Kelly: methodologie et applicationEntendimiemto de los otros la teoría de Kelly: metodología y applicación

This article discusses Kelly's theory of personal constructs and its Repertory grid technique as means of revealing the nature of cultural differences and similarities. It shows how Kelly's theory relates to cognitive theory, implicit personality theory and subjective culture theory. According to Kelly, people and groups are best understood in terms of the ways they anticipate events. People are all psychologists since they employ constructs. These bases of discrimination are bipolar in nature and open to revision. A group's culture is summarized by its members' shared superordinate constructs. Kelly's Commonality Corollary explains that members of a group are similar because they use the same constructs to order events. Kelly's Sociality Corollary states that, in order to enter into a relationship with others, people need first to subsume the others' personal constructs. His custom-built Repertory grid elicits constructs by having a person decide how in a matrix other people, for example, are similar and different. In the rated grid form, each person or element is rated from most to least on the positive pole of each construct. Either principal components or cluster analysis or multidimensional scaling can reveal the interviewed person's superordinate dimensions of appraisal. As an emic technique, the grid is contrasted with the semantic differential and other fixed-format tests. A review of the personal construct literature shows that many individuals and cultural groups have been explained in their own terms. In this research, difference is construed as interesting and others are understood by construing their construction processes as a first step towards approval.     

Cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards disabled persons: A study of Jewish and Arab youth in Israel

Cultural values may be seen as the primary determinants of altitudes towards deviant or exceptional persons. The present study deals with the attitudes of Jewish and Arab youth in Israel towards the disabled as a function of cultural identity, existence of contact with a disabled person, and type of disability (blindness, amputation, facial disfigurement, or confinement to a wheelchair).A sample of 510 Jews and 655 Arabs filled out the Yuker Altitudes Towards Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP). The results indicated that overall, Jews were more positive towards the disabled than Arabs. Furthermore, the existence of previous contact with a disabled person was a positive factor in the formation of the Jews' attitudes, and a negative factor for the Arabs. In their ranking of different types of disability, Jews and Arabs differed significantly.The results are interpreted in the context of modern versus traditional cultures, whereby the Jewish youths' more tolerant Western approach seems to engender a more positive attitude than the Arab youths' conservative values.     

Development communication expectations in occupational contexts: A Comparison of U.S. and foreign graduate students

This study focuses on the communication approaches used by experts in development. In line with recent “paradigm shift” issues, this study asks whether foreign and U.S. graduate students have inculcated alternative communication approaches instead of, or in addition to, the predominant “top to bottom” communication approach in their occupational communication roles. A total of 24 foreign and 23 U.S. graduate students from various departments at the University of Washington were asked to describe their expected communication with contact groups above, at the same and at lower status levels. All graduate students showed a marked tendency to exhibit “top to bottom” approaches with contacts of lower status and alternative communication approaches (i.e., bottom to top or interactive) only with peers. Few differences were found between U.S. and foreign, but those that were found were attributed to differing societal and occupational structures. Discussion focused on the lack of a coherent communication approach showing inculcation of more user oriented approaches suggested by the “paradigm shift.”