影响我国专利无效程序质量控制作用的因素分析

以充分发挥我国专利无效宣告程序的专利质量事后控制作用为目的,采用系统分析、案例分析以及理论模型的方法研究了影响我国专利无效宣告程序效率的直接因素和间接因素,以及间接因素对直接因素的作用机制,并提出设置专利无效奖励措施、建立专利事务行业协会、规制歧视性许可、强化申请信息披露义务以及短期提高专利审查质量并在长期实时监控的政策性建议。     

Provider fairness across continents in collaborative recommender systems

When a recommender system suggests items to the end-users, it gives a certain exposure to the providers behind the recommended items. Indeed, the system offers a possibility to the items of those providers of being reached and consumed by the end-users. Hence, according to how recommendation lists are shaped, the experience of under-recommended providers in online platforms can be affected. To study this phenomenon, we focus on movie and book recommendation and enrich two datasets with the continent of production of an item. We use this data to characterize imbalances in the distribution of the user–item observations and regarding where items are produced (geographic imbalance). To assess if recommender systems generate a disparate impact and (dis)advantage a group, we divide items into groups, based on their continent of production, and characterize how represented is each group in the data. Then, we run state-of-the-art recommender systems and measure the visibility and exposure given to each group. We observe disparities that favor the most represented groups. We overcome these phenomena by introducing equity with a re-ranking approach that regulates the share of recommendations given to the items produced in a continent (visibility) and the positions in which items are ranked in the recommendation list (exposure), with a negligible loss in effectiveness, thus controlling fairness of providers coming from different continents. A comparison with the state of the art shows that our approach can provide more equity for providers, both in terms of visibility and of exposure.     

教师如何促进课堂公平

教育公平问题是当下的一个热门话题,而微观领域的课堂公平更是关乎学生一生的发展。就当前的课堂不公平现象进行分析,主要涉及课堂教学互动、教师评价和师生关系中的一些问题,并力图从课堂教学的主导者教师身上寻求解决的方法。     

语言测试公平性研究回顾及其思考

近几年来语言测试公平性问题吸引了越来越多测试专家的关注。值得注意的是,当人们谈到语言测试公平性问题的时候,首先想到的就是公平性的定义,以及如何进行公平性的检验。然而,对公平性研究进行回顾是更好地了解公平性定义以及更好地制定出适用于公平性检验的指导性原则的前提。通过相关文献的查阅,文章总结出了迄今为止公平性问题研究所经历的三个阶段,并对语言测试公平性的相关问题进行思考与展望。     

体育教育专业教育实习的工作程序和步骤

多层次、多角度地对体育院校领导及指导员进行职责分定。同时,严格体育实习工作程序,提出策略,展望并提出未来体育教育实习中重心发展问题,形成理论,服务教育。     

旧绳带新绳在提升绳更换中的应用

近几年来,随着煤矿的产量逐渐增加,提升绳的直径也逐渐增大;另外,在更换首绳时,矿方给定工期较紧,一般在矿井大修时进行,再加上作业时间长,动用人员多,劳动强度大,作业环境差,作业难度大;研究一种经济实用、简便快捷、安全高效的换绳方法,是一项关系煤矿安全生产工作的迫切任务;介绍旧绳带新绳在皖北煤电集团钱营孜煤矿副井多绳摩擦式提升机中的应用。     

分析处理物理问题的能力培养

高中物理教学的重要目的之一就是要培养学生分析处理物理问题的能力，分析处理物理问题应从“选择对象”开始，按照“对象、过程、规律”这一基本思路进行，从而养成良好的思维习惯与意识，这是提高分析处理物理问题的能力的第一步。分析处理物理问题时要有规范化的解答过程，它包括解答步骤、文字叙述、物理量符号、情境示意图、物理规律表达式、结果的表达等方面的规范，按照“对象、过程、规律”这一基本思路衍变出来的规范化解答步聚去分析处理物理问题，既能提高学生分析处理物理问题的能力，又能提高学生高考得分技巧及得分。     

促进社会公平是和谐社会的重要特征

促进社会公平是构建设和谐社会的重要特征,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的一个重要社会基础。社会公平包括权利的平等、分配的合理、机会的均等和规则的公正。只有正确理解和把握社会公平的涵义,才能明确和谐社会的目标。维护和实现社会公平,必须具备现实的社会经济政治条件以及切实可行的政策措施。     

What parents say about children’s inequality of opportunities: a study in Mauritius

Longitudinal studies showing the beneficial impact of early childhood education on later academic achievement have contributed to persuading policy-makers and academia that early childhood is the best time to address inequalities. However, the voice of parents is often absent from these debates. We investigated the perspectives of parents on children’s inequalities of opportunities and on the role of education and early childhood care in equalising life chances. The study specifically explored the views of 26 parents in the sub-Saharan African country of Mauritius through focus group discussions. Findings of the study suggested that parents tend to adhere to the discourse of parental responsibility as a key factor in children’s inequalities. Yet they also showed that parents have potential to criticise and deconstruct this narrative, as they experience structural circumstances, such as poverty or discrimination, shaping their life opportunities and those of their children.     

库兹涅茨假说及中国地区差距的实证研究

对库兹涅茨假说的内涵、实质进行理论表述与分析,简述了学术界关于该假说的争论,提出了该假说成立的三个隐含条件。应用“各态历经理论”,以改革开放20年来中国东、西部地区经济发展差异为实证研究对象,研究表明无论是中国东西地区人均财富差异、经济密度差异,还是经济总量差异,均符合库兹涅茨假说。文章提出中国应积极寻求发展与公平之间的平衡点与结合点,尽快培育由发展与公平“两难”境地向“双赢”局面转化的政策环境,以及中央政府充当“道德人”角色的功能作用要进一步强化的若干政策建议。