历史学功用论研究

历史学家有关历史学功用的论述,一般集中于“求用”和“求真”两个方面。“求用”指政治借鉴,教育民众;“求真”即探究史实真相,揭示历史规律。现实社会中运用历史规律,因脱离了具体的历史背景,历史规律往往与现实不符,“求用”功用面临困境。以过去为研究对象的历史学,因时空差异,无法全面揭示真相,“求真”功用饱受质疑。因此,考察历史学的功用应脱离具体的实用层面,转向探究其超现实价值——“历史思维”和“求真精神”。     

Enhancing pedagogical content knowledge in elementary science

In this study, five elementary teachers and a university researcher developed and implemented problem‐based learning (PBL) experiences in the context of science teaching and learning. Collaborative inquiry was adopted as a methodology, while a variety of qualitative methods were used to examine the engagement and development of teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). A PCK model is used as a framework to examine teachers’ professional knowledge growth in areas such as orientations to teaching science, knowledge of science curriculum, knowledge of students’ understanding of science, knowledge of assessment, and knowledge of instructional strategies. Implications for how teachers may be supported when adopting instructional innovations are discussed.     

The Use of Newspaper Articles as a Tool to Develop Critical Thinking in Science Classes

The aim of this research is to identify the difficulties experienced by secondary school students (aged 15–16) with the critical reading of newspaper articles with scientific content. Two newspaper critical reading activities in relation to the study of various scientific contents were designed and carried out in two schools (61 students in total), one with a student population from a medium to high social and economic bracket and the other with students from a medium to low social and economic bracket. These activities were designed taking into account the phases of the reading process: before, during and after reading. In order to analyse the difficulties ‘Elements of science critical reading’ were identified on the basis of the ‘Elements of reasoning’ of Paul and Elder and the categories proposed by Bartz C.R.I.T.I.C. questionnaire and a scale was drawn up. The results show that the activities designed were useful in helping students to read critically. We also rated very positively the instrument created to assess the students' answers: the scale based on the performance indicators of Paul and Elder. This instrument enabled us to detect the aspects of critical thinking where students have the most difficulties: identifying the writer's purpose and looking for evidence in a text. It was also shown that the stance taken in the articles also had an influence on the results.     

Longitudinal study of a cooperation-driven,socio-scientific issue intervention on promoting students’ critical thinking and self-regulation in learning science

ABSTRACT

This longitudinal study explored the effects of a Cooperation-driven Socioscientific Issue (CDSSI) intervention on junior high school students' perceptions of critical thinking (CT) and self-regulation (SR) in Taiwan. Forty-nine grade 7 students were randomly selected as an experimental group (EG) to attend a 3-semester 72-hour intervention; while another 49 grade 7 students from the same school were randomly selected as the comparison group (CG). All participants completed a 4-wave student questionnaire to assess their perceptions of CT and SR. In addition, 8 target students from the EG with the lowest scores on either CT or SR were purposefully recruited for weekly observation. These target students and their teachers were interviewed one month after the intervention in each semester. Analyses of covariance and paired-wise t-tests revealed that the EG students' perceptions of CT and SR in learning science were improved during the study and were significantly better than their counterparts' at the end of the study. Systematic interview and classroom observation results were consistent with the quantitative findings. This study adds empirical evidence and provides insights into how CDSSI can be integrated into planning and implementing effective pedagogical strategies aimed at increasing students' perceptions of CT and SR in learning science.     

Conceptual change with refutational maps

ABSTRACT

This study investigated how studying a refutational map, a type of argument map, affected conceptual change. Refutational maps visually display both correct and alternative conceptions. Participants (N?=?120) were randomly assigned to (1) a refutational map condition, (2) a refutational text condition, and (3) a non-refutational text condition. The post-test results showed that studying the refutational map led to better performance on free recall and learning transfer measures. Specifically, participants who studied the refutational map performed significantly better than others on a free recall test, and they significantly outperformed the non-refutational text group on a short-answer transfer test. The multiple-choice test, another transfer measure, failed to detect any differences among the three groups. The research also found that individual differences in need for cognition and logical thinking ability interacted with the type of study materials. Participants scoring lower on logical thinking ability gained more from studying the refutational map.     

负载型催化剂研究中的自发单层分散原理

许多负载型催化剂的活性组分可在载体表面自发分散。当活性组分含量低于其分散阈值时,它在载体表面呈单层但非密置单层分散,逾此阈值时出现晶相。自发分散效应可以称为自发单层分散原理。对自发单层分散原理的实质等问题作了初步探讨。     

中外男篮优秀大前锋队员攻击性防守比较研究

以参加第28届奥运会世界男子篮球队前八名球队的大前锋队员作为研究对象,采用文献资料、录像观察、数理统计和比较方法,分析了中外男篮优秀大前锋队员之间在运用攻击性防守方面存在的差距与不足,为今后我国男篮大前锋队员的培养提供参考．     

孔子逻辑思想的中庸价值取向

孔子的逻辑思想有其内在的中庸主义价值取向:“思”具有中庸逻辑发轫基础;“正名”思想具有“中道”认知内涵;推理思想也有其中庸的逻辑基点与精神内核。通过对孔子“思”、“正名”、推类等逻辑思想的中庸基础进行进一步理性刻划,从而将中庸主义作为孔子逻辑思想体系的方法论原则与策略性素质。     

论中国外资法改革的思路

外资法在国际投资自由化和入世的背景下,在本身存在着一定缺陷的前提下,有着其改革的必然性。本文从形式,内容和功能三个方面提出了改革外资法所遵循的思路。     

基于自适应预测算法的APF无差拍控制方法

有源电力滤波器（active power filter, APF）补偿电流跟踪控制要求具有较高的稳态精度和较快的动态响应速度。文章将自适应预测滤波算法应用于无差拍控制,实现APF补偿电流精确控制。根据APF时域数学模型,推导滤波系统的无差拍控制离散方程;通过自适应(finite impulse response filter, FIR)预测滤波算法实现基波电流预测,消除控制系统的计算延迟,给无差拍控制提供所需的指令电流预测值。对预测算法进行MATLAB仿真,验证预测算法的稳态精度和动态跟踪快速性;实验室样机验证控制实验结果证明所提出的控制策略有效的,具有一定的实用性。