Precision of Knowledge of Results: Consideration of the Accuracy Requirements Imposed by the Task

Abstract

To investigate whether spatial assimilation effects are due to premovement control processes or postinitiation feedback processes, surface EMG recordings were made from two agonists and one antagonist during both single and dual movements involving the upper limb(s). In the single condition, subjects (N=7) made 25 Short (20°) and 25 Long (60°) reversal movements using levers in the sagittal plane, in 195 ms to reversal. In the dual condition, both Short and Long movements were performed simultaneously for 75 trials, the last 25 of which were without knowledge of results. Subjects overshot the Short target in the dual condition, showing spatial assimilation effects. Overshooting was associated with increased peak EMG in the initial (premovement) agonist burst, supporting the notion that spatial assimilation effects are modulated via premovement control processes.     

The Development of In-Service Teachers' Knowledge of a Constructivist Approach to Physical Education: Teaching beyond Activities

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to describe three aspects of learning a movement approach that were salient and initially problematic for 1 experienced teacher, 2 early career teachers, and 1 student teacher. A constructivist perspective was the theoretical base. Across 3 years, the researcher conducted 11 weeks of observations, 15 formal interviews, 3 group interviews, and daily informal interviews. Three problematic aspects were: (1) knowing to what extent they should give information and tell children what to do when teaching less structured content, (2) knowing the whole of the approach and how components connected, and (3) knowing content (i.e., pedagogical content knowledge) in enough depth and detail. Knowledge development was facilitated by more experienced teachers, experience, and a set of key ideas.     

Long-Term Effects of a Conceptual Physical Education Program

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitudes, knowledge, and activity behaviors of college graduates who completed a lecture-laboratory (concepts) course in physical education during their undergraduate study. Serving as controls were college graduates of the same university who transferred to the university and who received credit for a traditional rather than a concepts course. Both groups were compared to college graduates who “quizzed out” of the concepts course rather than enrolling in the class. Subjects were randomly selected from the 1977 and 1979 graduating classes. All those selected as subjects received a questionnaire containing an attitude test, a knowledge lest, and an activity checklist. Fifty-nine percent of the 300 questionnaires were returned. Multivariate analyses indicated that the concepts groups possessed attitude-knowledge-activity profiles which differed from those of either of the other groups. Though differences were not uniform for the two years studied, knowledge was consistently the greatest contributor to differences between transfer and concepts groups. Univariate and combined year analyses indicated that, though less consistent than the knowledge differences, attitude and activity differences among groups also existed. In general, the results suggested that a college level conceptual physical education class can have positive long term effects.     

Busy doing nothing? Physical education teachers' perceptions of young people's participation in leisure-sport

Within the substantial body of research examining the professional knowledge of physical education (PE) teachers one particular area remains relatively under-explored: namely, their understandings of young people's participation in leisure-sport and the implications of this, if any, for the practice of PE. There are grounds for thinking, however, that in this aspect of their professional knowledge PE teachers might not be as conversant with patterns of participation—among young people, generally, and their own pupils, in particular—as one might expect. In order to examine this tentative hypothesis, the present study involved focus groups with a total of 29 PE teachers at six secondary schools in England. A central finding of the study was that PE teachers' perceptions of their youngsters' leisure-sport lives tended to be characterized by a blend of myth and reality. Many teachers, for example, underestimated the levels of participation in leisure-sport both of their own pupils and the 15–16 years age group, generally. Nevertheless, the teachers' observations regarding what amounted to growing and diversifying sporting repertoires among their pupils were, to a greater or lesser degree, commensurate with the profiles reported by the pupils, and with wider trends associated with the changing lifestyles and preferences of young people. The paper concludes by briefly locating this study of professional knowledge within the sociology of knowledge, while observing that the content and form of PE for Year 11 pupils at the six schools in this study appeared to be informed by the common-sense, everyday knowledge of PE teachers rather than by evidence from national or local surveys of young people or studies of their own pupils.     

初中学生冰上运动安全知识、技能实验干预研究

运用知识讲座、宣传手册、知识竞赛等方式对初一被试学生进行冰上运动安全实验干预,使用自编问卷评估实验前后被试学生冰上运动安全知识技能掌握情况,使用SPSS17．0对获得数据进行自身对照T检验。结果表明：学生通过知识讲座、技能培训、安全手册学习和知识竞赛等干预形式掌握了冰上运动安全知识、安全防护技能和运动损伤急救知识,说明实验干预内容、方法有效可行。     

我国公共体育服务研究的计量学分析*

以中文社会科学引文索引CSSCI成立至今所收录的研究主题为公共体育和体育公共服务的246篇文献为数据来源,并结合CNKI对246篇文献进行检索下载,采用CiteSpaceⅤ进行可视化处理与计量学分析。运用知识图谱的方式对公共体育和体育公共服务研究领域文献的年度数量、机构分布、作者团队、期刊来源、热点共现及演进过程进行探测。研究表明,公共体育和体育公共服务研究文献数量逐年上升,研究多分布于江浙沪地区与长江流域;研究形成了以不同机构为单位的研究团队并掌握着这一科学领域的研究方向;收录期刊来源中,体育类期刊占绝对优势,其中上海体育学院学报载文最多;研究热点前沿与演进围绕着公共体育和体育公共服务的构建与完善展开,由公共体育和体育公共服务的理论研究逐渐过渡到应用研究,从公共体育和体育公共服务的纯理论概念研究向着服务体系、服务均等化、服务供给等应用型研究发展,并形成了以政府购买公共体育和体育公共服务与政府管理为代表的研究实践。     

地方性知识及其对课程开发的诉求

地方性知识是地方居民为适应当地环境而创制并积淀下来的一套行之有效的意义系统与生存智慧。地方性知识内容具有地域性、经验性、丰富性等特征。地方性知识的表达形式具有叙事性、零散性,其探究形式为经验型思维与神秘型思维,其检验形式为价值检验、效果检验。控制外部世界、追寻生活意义是地方性知识生产的基本旨趣。地方性知识的内容、形式与旨趣功能对课程开发有着特殊的诉求。     

小学数学课堂以“知识生长点”促进学生整体构建知识

数学学科中的每一个新知识都是旧知识的延伸和发展,同时又是后续知识的学习基础,旧知与新知形成了一个完整的、系统性的知识网络。因此在数学教学过程中,教师要注意从学生已有的认知水平和经验基础出发,找准新知识的生长点,帮助学生建立新旧知识之间的联系,促进学生整体构建知识。     

不同教龄中学体育教师的教学知识来源调查与分析

采用文献资料、问卷调查、访谈、数理统计等方法,考察不同途径在中学体育教师教学知识5个维度发展过程中所起的作用。结果显示,不同教龄中学体育教师认为＂中小学时的体育经历＂＂职前培训＂＂非组织性的专业活动＂等知识来源途径对发展他们教学知识的作用是相同的,但对＂自身的教学实践和反思＂＂在职进修＂＂有组织的专业活动＂等知识来源途径的评价存在显著性差异,一般是10年以下教龄的教师评价显著低于11年以上教龄教师。根据研究结果提出了促进不同教龄中学体育教师教学知识发展的建议。     

高校体育教师职业焦虑的社会地位因素及其对策分析

从经济待遇、社会权益和职业声望三个方面,对引起高校体育教师职业焦虑的社会地位因素进行分析。提出影响体育教师职业社会地位的主要因素在于“知识”,认为要正确认识运动技术,并加强高校体育教师的人文修养,才有利于高校体育教师职业社会地位的提高,进而将职业焦虑控制在适宜范围内。